1. OSMOSIS & DIFFUSION
SB1.d – Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e. osmosis and diffusion).

2. Methods of Cell Transport
Substances move into and out of cells by several methods.
One method of movement is diffusion.

3. Methods of Cell Transport
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration
The majority move from higher to lower concentration
If no energy is put into the system, the molecules will reach a state of equilibrium where they will be distributed equally throughout the system.

4. The Cell Membrane
All cells, in all types of organisms, are surrounded by a cell membrane
a thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell's contents from the world around it.
functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
controls the ease with which substances pass into and out of the cell-some substances easily cross the membrane, while others cannot cross at all.
selectively permeable

5.  Cells and Diffusion
Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are among the few simple molecules that can cross the cell membrane by diffusion.
Water moves through membranes by a type of diffusion known as osmosis.
Diffusion is one principle method of movement of substances within cells, as well as the method for essential small molecules to cross the cell membrane.

6.  Cells and Diffusion
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable (or differentially permeable or selectively permeable) membrane.
The presence of a solute decreases the water potential of a substance.

7.  Cells and Diffusion
Hypertonic solutions are those in which more solute (and hence lower water potential) is present.
Hypotonic solutions are those with less solute (again read as higher water potential).
Isotonic solutions have equal (iso-) concentrations of substances. Water potentials are thus equal; although there will still be equal amounts of water movement in and out of the cell, the net flow is zero.

8.  Cells and Diffusion
Cells placed in distilled water (hypotonic solution) take on water, swell and burst.
In a salt solution (hypertonic solution), cells lose water and shrink.

9. Active and Passive Transport
Two additional methods by which substances may move through cell membranes include:
Passive transport requires no energy from the cell.
Examples include the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, osmosis of water, and facilitated diffusion.

10. Active and Passive Transport
Active transport requires the cell to spend energy, usually in the form of ATP.
Examples include transport of large molecules (non-lipid soluble) and the sodium-potassium pump.

11. Active and Passive Transport
Vesicle-mediated transport
Vesicles and vacuoles that fuse with the cell membrane may be utilized to release or transport chemicals out of the cell or to allow them to enter a cell.
Exocytosis is the term applied when transport is out of the cell.

12. Active and Passive Transport
Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle.
Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed.
Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane.
Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells.

13. Active and Passive Transport