1. MECHANISM Normal Condition Ocean Profile Wind Flow Pattern

2. MECHANISM El Niño Condition Ocean Profile

3. MECHANISM La Niña Condition Ocean Profile

4. EFFECTS

5. PRECIPITATION EFFECTS Red circles indicate drought during El Niño. Blue circles indicate that during El Niño there was, on average, more rain than normal.

6. March- May J u n e - A u g u s t North Mexico North-east Brazil Europe Indonesia

7. September- November December- February Spain India Sri Lanka Philippines Indonesia Australia Chile East Africa South Africa Uruguay Mexico Florida Ecuador Peru Philippines Indonesia South America Uruguay South Brazil

8. TEMPERATURE Blue circles are colder during El Niño and/or warmer during La Niña. The size of the circles is a measure of the strength of the relationship. Red circles denote locations that on average are warmer during El Niño and cooler during La Niña. EFFECTS

9. March- May J u n e - A u g u s t North America Mexico India West Africa South America Canada East Asia South-east America

10. S e p t e m b e r - N o v e m b e r December- February South America India Australia South America North America Australia Southern Africa

11. WORLD CHANGING EFFECTS OF LA NIÑA

12. La Niña's Typical Effect on Peru's Weather Cycles To the North, Montana's Climate Patterns are Also Affected

13. Farther North, La Niña Cools Canada's Weather Cycles Drought in East Africa Also Due to La Niña

14. Impact of El Nino by Region

15. IMPACT  In Australia, the impact event of El Niño has not been as strong as anticipated.  In Indonesia, late-arriving rains delayed the normal October/November rice planting and caused a reduction in rice production potential.  In Malaysia, rainfall has been below normal but adequate for rice production.  In Thailand, below normal rainfall has lowered water reserves for the second rice crop.  In the Philippines, localized dryness has reduced corn and rice yields.

16. IMPACT  In the Republic of South Africa, November/December corn planting was delayed due to insufficient rainfall.  In Zimbabwe, a hot, dry December  In Tanzania and Kenya, drought earlier in the crop year In India past El Niño brought dry weather across northwest India  In the Central America the major El Niño impact is nearly over as their rainy season has ended.

17. SEVERE DROUGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1982-1983 drought damage to rice and corn cost more than P700 million 450,000 hectares of land were affected among the severely hit provinces were Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Northern Visayas and Western Mindanao 1992-1993 drought damage set back the agricultural sector by P4.1 billion 478,000 metric tons of corn were destroyed among the worst hit were South Cotabato, Isabela, Bukidnon, Maguindanao, North Cotabato and Cagayan 1997-1998 dry spell between June1997-1998; effects continued to be felt through September 1998 El Niño struck as the country was enjoying a continuous four-year growth damage to agriculture amounted to P8.46 billion 16 regions were affected

18. MITIGATIO N El Niño early warnings ppre-emptive actions - setting up disaster assistance for farmers - issuing drought insurance - making changes to tax and food import policies - building up strategic food stocks - encouraging shifts in planting patterns planting of early maturing varieties of crops. La Niña identification and mapping of areas that are prone to flood and vulnerable to erosion and landslides. construction of 990 units of small farm reservoirs (SFRs) for harvesting rainwater and surface runoff

19. MITIGATIO N Recent technological advances have made it possible to monitor, diagnose, and predict El Niño and La Niña events in near-real time. Some of the major technologies used are: Satellite Ocean buoys

20. MITIGATION Radiosondes Super computers

21. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS Geophysical and Socio-economic settings have multi-dimensional influences on El Niño and La Niña impacts. Therefore, it should be duly considered in conducting any sort of impact study on El Niño and La Niña, and in undertaking any intervention to cope with disaster problems. There should be an adequate assessments about and monitoring of hazards, disasters and vulnerabilities, so that the need for prevention is accurately identified and disasters defined. There is need for a clear and comprehensive national disaster policy, which will address the total disaster management spectrum, including El Niño and La Niña considerations of all aspects of preparedness. Within this policy, there must be a readiness on the part of the government to institutionalize preventive measures. The Government undertake the following initiatives:  To formulate a comprehensive plan for disaster management, disaster policy and disaster actions at the earliest possible time.  To design an appropriate and enforceable legal mechanism for dealing with all types of natural disaster  To develop appropriate technology and ensure the collection of relevant data on disaster through the use of satellites and the introduction of a regular system of delivering information to the public through television, radio and other mass media.

22. T H A N K Y O U F O R L I S T E N I N G ! ! ! Reporters Navarro, Mary Joy G u m i s a d, L o u r d e s