1. Guyton 2011 chapter 9

3. Excitation-contraction Coupling Ca induced Ca Released

4. Excitation-contraction Coupling

5. Cardiac cycle

15. Effect of Heart Rate on Duration of Cardiac Cycle DiastoleSystoleHeart rate 0.6 0.4 72 beats/min 0.350.65 216 beats/min 40% 60% 65% 35%

16. Semilunar ValvesAv Valves Mitral Tricuspid Aorta Pulmonary

17. Low frequency Loudest and longest High frequency Shorter duration Low intensity In children with thin chest wall and heart failure In early diastole Atrial contraction Occasionally in healthy individual S1 S4 S2 S3

18. The End