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Cutaneous Viral Infections Alisha Plotner, MD Assistant Professor Division of Dermatology
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Learning Objectives Diagnose viral infections of the skin based on their clinical findings. Plan treatment approaches for viral infections of the skin.
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VERRUCA/CONDYLOMA Cutaneous Viral Infections
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Warts Due to human papilloma virus (HPV), which is a double stranded DNA virus Can infect epithelial keratinocytes (skin, genital, mucosa) Well over 70 different HPV viral strains Can present anywhere in body, including fingers, hands, feet, genitals
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HPV Types Plantar warts – HPV 1 Periungual warts – HPV 2 Flat warts – HPV 3 Benign genital warts HPV 6 or 11 Genital warts with malignant potential HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
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Genital Warts Most common sexually transmitted disease HPV types 6 and 11 are most common HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33 can induce squamous cell cancer Can appear as verrucous papules in genital surface or genital area Are potentially contagious even after treatment has produced visible resolution Can be associated with cervical cancer and anal cancer Individuals with suppressed cell mediated immunity are at particular risk for developing genital and anal cancer, including HIV and organ transplant patients
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Wart Treatment Destructive Scalpel or curette Salicylic Acid Liquid nitrogen Laser Inhibit HPV proliferation 5-fluorouracil Podophylotoxin Immune modulating Imiquimod Interferon
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MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM Cutaneous Viral Infections
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Molluscum Contagiosum Due to a large DNA virus classified as a pox virus More common in children, especially with atopic dermatitis or immunosuppressed adults, especially with advanced HIV Often presents with a small (1-3mm) shiny, skin colored papule with a central dimple Patients with advanced HIV may exhibit extremely large molluscum May resolve spontaneously or be treated, if symptomatic
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Molluscum treatment Spontaneous resolution Curettage Salicylic acid Liquid nitrogen Cantharidin Imiquimod
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HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS Cutaneous Viral Infections
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Oral & Genital Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Are double-stranded DNA virus and generally spread by direct skin to skin contact HSV-1 – cause 80% oral-labial, 20% genital herpes cases HSV-2 – cause 80% genital, 20% oral-labial herpes cases In the U.S. population, prevalence of HSV-1 antibodies (indicating infection) is 80-90% and prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies is 20%
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HSV Cutaneous Manifestation Manifest as pain, burning, tingling prior to the appearance of the lesions Lesions are localized groups of vesicles on an erythematous base Vesicles rupture producing a painful superficial ulcer After initial contact, virus replicates in mucocutaneous tissue, travels down axon, establishes latency in dorsal root ganglion
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HSV-1 and HSV-2 Treatment Oral or IV antiviral agents Acyclovir or valacyclovir Episodic or prophylactic dosing Prophylactic dosing decreases asymptomatic viral shedding
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Neonatal Herpes Acquired from exposure to HSV shed by mother into birth canal at time of delivery Most common in mothers with a primary genital HSV infection, but can occur with recurrent genital HSV Skin lesions are groups vesicles on an erythematous base Approximately 75% of affected infants will have skin lesions Neonatal HSV can be a severe multi system fatal infection If neonatal HSV is suspected, cultures should be obtained and treatment started immediately.
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Varicella (Chicken Pox) Caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV) Prodrome of low grade fever and generalized malaise Lesions manifest as small vesicles on an erythematous base (dew drops on a rose petal)
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Varicella (chicken pox, cont.) Individual lesions present as vesicles that rupture and produce superficial ulcers that scab and heal over Crops of lesions erupt that produce lesions in many different stages Eruption is prominent on face and extremities
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Varicella Zoster Caused by varicella zoster virus After an episode of varicella, virus remains latent in dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglion Reactivation leads to viral proliferation and retrograde axonal transport to skin Most common in elderly and immunosuppressed patients
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Varicella Zoster Manifestations Presents initially as erythematous plaque along a dermatomal distribution with sharp cut off at midline Pain, burning, tingling often precedes the eruption Vesicles soon develop in the plaque, which rupture and scab
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Varicella Zoster Complications V1 dermatomal involvement can lead to visual impairment Post herpetic involvement can lead to persistent pain for months after the eruption resolves Disseminated lesions can occur
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Varicella Zoster Treatment Zoster is treated with antiviral medications Valacyclovir, acyclovir, famciclovir can be given orally, if initiated within 48 hours Post-herpetic neuralgia is treated with gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants, nerve blocks
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Summary Warts are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) Different types of warts are caused by differing HPV subtypes Molluscum contagiosum is a cutaneous pox virus infection seen commonly in children and immunosuppressed adults HSV 1 and 2 cause both orolabial and genital herpes infections Varicella zoster virus causes chicken pox (varicella) upon initial infection. Later in life the dormant virus can reactivate causing shingles (zoster).
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References Bolognia, Jorizzo, and Schaffer. Dermatology, 3rd Edition. Saunders, 2012.
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Thank you for completing this module! If you have any questions, please contact me... Alisha.Plotner@osumc.edu
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