1. “We must not sacrifice our future for a momentary pleasure.”

2. Canine and Feline

3.  Vaccines do not produce immunity in 100% of population Should decrease severity  Protection of 70% of population sufficient if communicability is low  In general practice, 1 vaccine break constitutes a failure

4.  Illness  Fever  Vaccine reaction from prior vaccine  Medical therapy  Age: In < 5 wks. MLV can cause disease  Pregnancy, whelping, queening modified-live virus vaccines can lead to birth defects or abortions  Problems hypertrophic osteodystrophy and juvenile cellulitis - modified- live virus distemper vaccine in Weimaraners vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats : FeLV and Rabies

5.  MLV Strong, long-lasting immune response that is achieved with fewer doses Adjuvants are not as necessary Quicker immune respones Less chance of allergic reactions After it is mixed only effective 1 hour  KILLED (inactivated) More stable in storage Unlikely to contain contaminating pathogens Unlikely to cause disease due to residual disease-causing characteristics Produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity NO VACCINE IS 100% EFFECTIVE!

6.  Chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins  Enhances the immune response to vaccine antigens  Aluminum gels/ salts

7.  Severity of disease  Transmissibility  Zoonotic potential  Recommended by AAHA (American Animal Health Association)

8.  Those vaccines that every puppy should receive; identified by vaccine experts such as the AAHA Canine Task Force CORE VACCINES FOR CANINES INCLUDE:  Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)  Canine Distemper virus (CDV)  rCDV: Recombinat

9.  Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2): DAPP/DHPP  CAV-2 protects against both 1 & 2  CAV-1 causes Infectious Canine Heaptitis  No CAV-1 vaccine because of anterior uveitis  Rabies virus (RV) Killed vaccine State/provincial/local laws

10.  Begin: 6-9 weeks of age Do not give vaccines earlier than 5-6 weeks *remember maternal antibody interference  Frequency: q 2-4 weeks May vary according to risk, vaccine  End: at least one dose should be given at age 14-16 weeks of age or older  Revaccination: at 1 year of age or 1 year after the last puppy vaccination

11. Rabies vaccine is initially given at 12 wks of age – Does not need to be boostered in 2-4 weeks, but rather within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs.within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs – Rabies vaccine is the only canine vaccine requiring a minimum duration of immunity study and labeled as 1 yr or 3 yr. by the USDA.

12.  The minimum duration of immunity for the core vaccines (except rabies) is at least 5-7 yrs. (after initial puppy set of vxns) based on challenge and/or antibody titers you can even have this done in your own pets to determine his/her immunity level against a particular disease.  Today, a 3 yr revaccination program has been recommended in the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines for dogs and the American Association of Feline Practitioners Guidelines for catsAAHA Canine Vaccination

13.  Following the vaccine label  Veterinarians resistant to change  Fear that not revaccinating will cause the animal to become susceptible soon after one year.  Compliance with boarding kennel rules

14.  Optional or non-core vaccines should only be given to animals that need them and only as often as needed! Potential problems: duration of immunity is not known, the efficacy is limited or not known  EX: Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Canine Influenza, Lyme disease, Canine coronavirus, Giardia (AAHA Guidelines do not recommend coronavirus or giardia vaccines unless they can be proven to be beneficial for a certain animal)

15. New vaccines: snakebites (Crotalus sp. Toxoid, western diamonback rattlesnake), periodontal disease (porphyromonas sp.), as well as a therapeutic vaccine for treatment of canine melanomas. *VACCINES MUST BE TAILORED TO THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL -Older/younger animal vs. adult - bacterial vaccine vs. viral vaccine – Geographic area

16.  Begin: 8-10 weeks of age  Frequency: q 2-4 weeks  End: last dose at 14-16 weeks of age

17.  Feline parvovirus (panleukopenia)  Feline calicivirus  Feline herpes virus (viral rhinotracheitis)  Rabies virus Given at 12-16 weeks of age  FVRCP

18.  FeLV (feline leukemia)  FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)  Chlamydia  Feline coronavirus (FIP): Reduce cs but not prevent disease  Feline Giardia  Bordetella bronchiseptica  Feline systemic calicivirus

19. May I use smaller vaccine dose in small breeds to reduce the risk of adverse reactions? – NO- the volume (1.0ml) as recommended by the manufacturer generally represents the minimum immunizing dose This means that a Great Dane should receive the same amount of vaccine as a Chihuahua

20.  May I vaccinate pregnant pets? It is best to avoid this. Risk to the fetuses is a concern. Assess risk vs. benefit Feline parvovirus cerebellar hypoplasia in utero kitten

21.  May I vaccinate a patient while under anesthesia? It is best not to do this. The patient may develop a hypersensitivity reaction that may be harder to recognize under anesthesia and may be more difficult to treat. Risk of vomiting and aspiration is higher.

22.  May I inject a modified live intranasal Bordetella vaccine? NO- the vaccine can cause a severe local reaction and may even result in death (liver failure) Intranasal vaccines are effective against respiratory disease, form immunoglobulin A which produces quick local immunity

23.  May I administer a modified live SQ feline FVRCP oronasally? NO Upper respiratory infection can result spilled on the cat's fur, and the cat licks up the spilled vaccine  Clean off the fur with alcohol  use dilute bleach for spills in the environment  contact the manufacturer and begin supportive treatment, if warranted

24.  http://veterinaryteam.dvm360.com/firstli ne/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=672508 http://veterinaryteam.dvm360.com/firstli ne/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=672508  http://www.sheltermedicine.com/?q=no de/58