1. C++ Structures: Classes In C++, the concept of structure has been generalized in an object-oriented sense: –classes are types representing groups of similar instances –each instance has certain fields that define it (instance variables) –instances also have functions that can be applied to them (represented as function fields) -- called methods –the programmer can limit access to parts of the class (to only those functions that need to know about the internals) Readings: 6.1-6.21, 7.1-7.6, 7.8, 7.12-7.16

2. Outline Classes in C++ access modifiers: private, public, protected struct versus class class methods defined defined separately inlining static instance variables accessors mutators managers default ctor, dtor, copy ctor, other ctors

3. A Motivating Example You declare a simple structure: struct Robot { float locX; float locY; float facing; }; Robot r1; What if you never want locX or locY to be negative? Someone unaware of your restriction could set: r1.locX = -5; and you have a problem!

4. General Class Definition in C++ class ClassName { access_modifier1: field11_definition; field12_definition; … access_modifer2: field21_definition; field22_definition; … }; ClassName is a new type (just as if declared as struct with typedef in C) Possible access modifiers: public private protected Fields following a modifier are of that access until the next modifier is indicated Fields can be variables (as in C structures) or functions

5. A Simple Class class Robot { public: float getX() { return locX; } float getY() { return locY; } float getFacing() { return facing; } void setFacing(float f) { facing = f; } void setLocation(float x, float y); private: float locX; float locY; float facing; };

6. private Access Modifier Fields marked as private can only be accessed by functions that are part of that class In the Robot class, locX, locY, and facing are private float fields, these fields can only be accessed by functions that are in class Robot (getX, getY, getFacing, setFacing, setLocation) Example: void useRobot() { Robot r1; r1.locX = -5; // Error

7. public Access Modifier Fields marked as public can be accessed by anyone In the Robot class, the methods getX, getY, etc. are public –these functions can be called by anyone Example: void useRobot() { Robot r1; r1.setLocation(-5,-5); // Legal to call

8. struct versus class In C++ struct and class can be used interchangeably to create a class with one exception What if we forget to put an access modifier before the first field? struct Robot { OR class Robot { float locX; float locX; In a class, until an access modifer is supplied, the fields are assumed to be private In a struct, the fields are assumed to be public

9. What about protected ? C++ allows users to create classes based on other classes: –a FordCar class based on a general Car class –idea: the general Car class has fields (variables and functions that describe all cars) –the FordCar class then uses the fields from the general Car class and adds fields specific to FordCars –done with inheritance –public fields are inherited (as public) –private fields are not inherited –protected fields are like private, but can be inherited

10. Class Methods Functions associated with a class are declared in one of two ways: ReturnType FuncName(params) { code } function is both declared and defined (code provided) ReturnType FuncName(params); function is merely declared, we must still define the body of the function separately To call a method we use the. form: classinstance.FuncName(args); FuncName is a field just like any other field in the structured variable classinstance

11. Defined Methods class Robot { public: float getX() { return locX; } }; Robot r1; The function getX is defined as part of class Robot To call this method: cout << r1.getX() << endl; // prints r1’s locX Why define the method this way? –Implicitly inline

12. Inline Functions In an inline function, the C++ compiler does not make a function call, instead the code of the function is used in place of the function call (and appropriate argument substitutions made) Why? –Inline functions don’t have the overhead of other functions –Things like accessing/changing fields of a class instance should be fast –Including the definition of a function is an implicit request to make a function inline

13. Inline Requests Not all requests to make a function inline are honored –generally C++ examines the complexity of the function and the use of parameters in the function –should only request inline definition for short functions Can also explicitly request to make class methods and other functions inline (add inline keyword before return type in function declaration and definition)

14. Aside: A Global Inline Function Use inline before return type: inline char upcase(char ch) { if ((ch >= ‘a’) && (ch <= ‘z’)) return (ch + (‘A’ - ‘a’)); else return ch; } cin >> option; if (upcase(option) == ‘Y’)...

15. Defining Methods Separately For methods that are declared but not defined in the class we need to provide a separate definition To define the method, you define it as any other function, except that the name of the function is ClassName::FuncName :: is the scope resolution operator, it allows us to refer to parts of a class or structure

16. A Simple Class class Robot { public: void setLocation(float x, float y); private: float locX; float locY; float facing; }; void Robot::setLocation(float x, float y) { if ((x < 0.0) || (y < 0.0)) cout << “Illegal location!!” << endl; else { locX = x; locY = y; }

17. Explicitly Requesting Inline class Robot { public: inline void setLocation(float x, float y); }; inline void Robot::setLocation(float x, float y) { if ((x < 0.0) || (y < 0.0)) cout << “Illegal location!!” << endl; else { locX = x; locY = y; }

18. Referring to Class Fields void Robot::setLocation(float x, float y) { if ((x < 0.0) || (y < 0.0)) cout << “Illegal location!!” << endl; else { locX = x; locY = y; } What are locX and locY in setLocation?? –Since a class function is always called on a class instance, locX, locY are those fields of that instance –Example: Robot r1; Robot r2; r1.setLocation(5,5); // locX is from r1 r2.setLocation(3,3); // locY is from r2

19. Types of Class Methods Generally we group class methods into three broad categories: accessors - allow us to access the fields of a class instance (examples: getX, getY, getFacing), accessors do not change the fields of a class instance mutators - allow us to change the fields of a class instance (examples: setLocation, setFacing), mutators do change the fields of a class instance manager functions - specific functions (constructors, destructors) that deal with initializing and destroying class instances (more in a bit)

20. Accessors and Mutators Why do we bother with accessors and mutators? –Why provide getX()?? Why not just make the locX field publicly available? –By restricting access using accessors and mutators we make it possible to change the underlying details regarding a class without changing how people who use that class interact with the class –Example: what if I changed the robot representation so that we no longer store locX and locY, instead we use polar coordinates (distance and angle to location)? If locX is a publicly available field that people have been accessing it, removing it will affect their code If users interact using only accessors and mutators then we can change things without affecting their code

21. Rewritten Robot Class class Robot { public: float getX() { return dist * cos(ang); } float getY() { return dist * sin(ang); } void setLocation(float x, float y); private: float dist; float ang; }; void Robot::setLocation(float x, float y) { if ((x < 0.0) || (y < 0.0)) cout << “Illegal location!!” << endl; else { dist = sqrt(x * x + y * y); ang = atan2(y,x); }

22. Object-Oriented Idea Declare implementation-specific fields of class to be private Provide public accessor and mutator methods that allow other users to connect to the fields of the class –often provide an accessor and mutator for each instance variable that lets you get the current value of that variable and set the current value of that variable –to change implementation, make sure accessors and mutators still provide users what they expect

23. Static Instance Variables C++ classes may also contain, static instance fields -- a single field shared by all members of a class Often used when declaring class constants (since you generally only need one copy of a constant) To make a field static, add the static keyword in front of the field –can refer to the field like any other field (but remember, everybody shares one copy) –static variables are also considered to be global, you can refer to them without an instance –static fields can be initialized (unlike other fields)

24. Static Fields Example class Robot { public: static int numRobots = 0; static const float minX = 0.0; static const float maxX = 100.0; void initializeRobot() { numRobots++; } void setLocation(float x, float y); } void Robot::setLocation(float x, float y) { if ((x maxX)) … }

25. Static Fields as Global Variables One can examine public static fields of a class outside of that class using the form: ClassName::StaticFieldName Example: void main() { Robot r1, r2; r1.initializeRobot(); r2.initializeRobot(); cout << Robot::numRobots << “ robots.\n”;

26. The Need for Manager Functions To make the previous program work we have to explicitly call the routine initializeRobot, wouldn’t it be nice to have a routine that is automatically used to initialize an instance -- C++ does C++ provides for the definition of manager functions to deal with certain situations: constructors (ctor) - used to set up new instances default - called for a basic instance copy - called when a copy of an instance is made (assignment) other - for other construction situations destructors (dtor) - used when an instance is removed

27. When Managers Called void main() { Robot r1; // default ctor (on r1) Robot r2; // default ctor (on r2) Robot* r3ptr; r3ptr = new Robot; // default ctor on // Robot object r3ptr points to r2 = r1; // copy ctor delete r3ptr; // dtor } // dtor (on r1 and r2) when main ends

28. The Default Constructor (ctor) A default constructor has no arguments, it is called when a new instance is created –C++ provides a default ctor that initializes all fields to 0 To write your own, add following to your class: class MyClass { public: … MyClass() { // repeat class name, no code here // return type }

29. Example Default ctor class Robot { public: static int numRobots = 0; Robot() { numRobots++; locX = 0.0; locY = 0.0; facing = 3.1415 / 2; } private: float locX; float locY; float facing; }

30. Destructor (dtor) A destructor is normally not critical, but if your class allocates space on the heap, it is useful to deallocate that space before the object is destroyed –C++ provides a default dtor that does nothing –can only have one dtor To write your own, add following to your class: class MyClass { public: … ~MyClass() { code here }

31. Example dtor class Robot { public: char *robotName; Robot() { robotName = 0; } void setRobotName(char *name) { robotName = new char[strlen(name)+1]; strcpy(robotName,name); } ~Robot() { delete [] robotName; }

32. The Copy ctor A copy constructor is used when we need a special method for making a copy of an instance –example, if one instance has a pointer to heap-allocated space, important to allocate its own copy (otherwise, both point to the same thing) To write your own, add following to your class: class MyClass { public: … MyClass(const MyClass& obj) { code here }

33. Example Copy ctor class Robot { public: char *robotName; void setRobotName(char *name) { robotName = new char[strlen(name)+1]; strcpy(robotName,name); } Robot(const Robot& obj) { robotName = new char[strlen(obj.robotName)+1]; strcpy(robotName,obj.robotName); }

34. Other ctors It is often useful to provide constructors that allow the user to provide arguments in order to initialize arguments Form is similar to the copy ctor, except parameters are chosen by programmer: class MyClass { public; … MyClass(parameters) { code here }

35. Example ctor class Robot { public: Robot(float x, float y, float face) { locX = x; locY = y; facing = face; } calling: Robot r1(5.0,5.0,1.5); Robot r2(5.0,10.0,0.0); Robot* rptr; rptr = new Robot(10.0,5.0,-1.5);

36. A Combination ctor Can combine a ctor that requires arguments with the default ctor using default values: class Robot { public: Robot(float x = 0.0, float y = 0.0, float face = 1.57075) { locX = x; locY = y; facing = face; } calling: Robot r1; // ctor called with default args Robot r2(); // ctor called with default args Robot r3(5.0); // ctor called with x = 5.0 Robot r4(5.0,5.0; // ctor called with x,y = 5.0 …

37. Hiding the Default ctor Sometimes we want to make sure that the user gives initial values for some fields, and we don’t want them to use the default ctor To accomplish this we declare an appropriate ctor to be used in creating instances of the class in the public area, then we put the default ctor in the private area (where it cannot be called)

38. Example ctor class Robot { public: Robot(float x, float y, float face) { locX = x; locY = y; facing = face; } private: Robot() {} } calling: Robot r1(5.0,5.0,1.5); Robot r2; // ERROR, attempts to call default ctor