1. GREEN COMPUTING CS 595 LECTURE 12 4/6/2015

2. GREEN HARDWARE DESIGN BEST PRACTICES SERVER LEVEL HARDWARE - MOTHERBOARD 85% of power consumed by motherboard: Voltage Regulators Converts voltage provided by power supply into appropriate voltages needed by the CPU, RAM, Chipsets, etc. Also used to “clean up” DC voltage from the power supply. Linear voltage regulator: Solid state semiconductor to regulate voltages ~60% efficient Switching voltage regulator: Circuit that transitions between full regulated out, low-current output, and off Generates less heat  ~95% efficient Use motherboard with switching voltage regulators for higher efficiency.

3. GREEN HARDWARE DESIGN BEST PRACTICES SERVER LEVEL HARDWARE - NETWORK Use of power efficient networking components: Switches Routers NICs Devices can be scaled depending on demand Device low power mode Turn off ports Goal: Increase Bandwidth/Watt in communication components

4. GREEN HARDWARE DESIGN BEST PRACTICES AC/DC, DC/DC CONVERSIONS AC/DC conversions: Translates non-polarized alternating current (building power feed) to polarized direct current (used by IT components) Not 100% efficient Heat generated equates to loss Also must be dissipated requiring more power consumption! AC/DC conversion locations: Building feed to UPS Server Power supply EPA Energy Star rating – 80% efficiency across all rated power output. Switching voltage regulator (previous slides)

5. GREEN HARDWARE DESIGN BEST PRACTICES RACK POWER DISTRIBUTION Problem with current rack deployment? Rack mount servers connected to UPS Power transforms at UPS and again at the server Solution (Google): Remove unneeded AC/DC, DC/AC transformations AC from building line feed connects to UPS in the rack UPS performs AC/DC transformation Servers connect directly to UPS’s DC output

6. GREEN HARDWARE DESIGN BEST PRACTICES UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply: Stores power to ensure IT component operations in the case of short power outages Also used to “clean” electricity from outside source Efficiency: 92% - 95% Arranged in a 2N configuration for fault tolerance. Example: 20,000sq ft. datacenter at 120w/sq ft. Electricity cost: $0.10/kWh 95% efficient vs 92% efficient UPS $72,000 annual difference in electricity costs Generated $72,000 worth of heat!!

7. GREEN COMPUTING CS 595 LECTURE 12 4/1/2015

8. GREEN COMPUTING Current system extremely wasteful Need energy to power Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate heat Need a system more efficient, less expensive strategy with immediate impact on energy consumption

9. DATA CENTERS Focus by green computing movement on data centers (SUVs of the tech world) 6,000 data centers in US Cost: $4.5 B (more than used by all color TVs in US) In 2007, DOE reported data centers 1.5% of all electricity in US Greenhouse gas emission projected to more than double from 2007 to 2020

10. DATA CENTERS Within a few years, cost of power for data center is expected to exceed cost of original capital investment

11. GOAL Fed. Gov. wanted data center energy consumption to be reduced by at least 10% Same as energy consumed by 1M average US households

14. DATA CENTER METRICS Metrics SPECPowerjbb benchmark and DCiE from Green Grid Green Grid – group of IT professionals Power Usage Effectiveness PUE PUE = Total facility power/IT equipment power Data Center infrastructure Efficiency metric DCiE 1/PUE

15. FUTURE VISION Sources of computing power in remote server warehouses Located near renewable energy sources – wind, solar Usage shifts across globe depending on where energy most abundant

16. CURRENT APPROACHES Some “low hanging fruit” approaches Orient racks of servers to exhaust in a uniform direction Higher fruit - Microsoft Built near hydroelectric power in WA Built in Ireland - can air cool, 50% more energy efficient Countries with favorable climates: Canada, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland

17. CURRENT APPROACHES Google – trying to reduce carbon footprint Carbon footprint includes direct fuel use, purchased electricity and business travel, employee commuting, construction, server manufacturing According to Google, its data centers use ½ industry’s average amount of powerGoogle How? Ultra efficient evaporative cooling (customized) Yahoo (are they back??) Data centers also carbon-neutral because of carbon offsets

18. CURRENT APPROACHES US government EPA has phase-one of Energy Star standards for servers Measure server power supply efficiency and energy consumption while idle Must also measure energy use at peak demand Green Grid consortium Dell, IBM, Sun VM-Wear AMD Green500 – 500 most green supercomputers

19. DATA CENTER PRODUCT SPECIFICATION COMPLETION 2009 Servers v1.0 2011 Data Center Buildings Program 2012 UPS v1.0 (uninterruptable power supply) 2013 Servers 2.0 Storage v1.0 2014 Large Network Equipment v1.0 2015 Data Center Cooling Equipment v1.0

20. CURRENT APPROACHES Replace old computers with new more energy-efficient But manufacturing uses energy Dell - reducing hazardous substances in computers, OptiPlex 50% more energy efficient Greenest computer company – VirtualBoxImages What is “Greenest computer ever” ? Is MacBook air (pro) greenest? https://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/environment/

21. GOALS FOR FUTURE 1. Consider energy to manufacture, operate, dispose of wastes 2. Sense and optimize world around us 3. Predict and respond to future events by modeling behavior (grown in performance) 4. Benefit of digital alternative to physical activities E-newspapers, online shopping Personal energy meter??

22. THE CASE FOR ENERGY- PROPORTIONAL COMPUTING BARROSO AND HOLZLE (GOOGLE)

23. INTRO Energy proportional computing primary design goal for servers Cooling and provisioning proportional to average energy servers consume Energy efficiency benefits all components Computer energy consumption lowered if: Adopt high-efficiency power supplies Use power saving features already in equipment

24. INTRO More efficient CPUs on chips based on multiprocessing has helped But, higher performance means increased energy usage

25. SERVERS Servers Rarely completely idle Seldom operate at maximum 10-50% of max utilization levels 100% utilization not acceptable for meeting throughput, etc. – no slack time

27. SERVERS Completely idle server waste of capital Difficult to idle subset of servers Servers need to be available Perform background tasks Move data around Help with crash recovery Applications can be restructured to create idle intervals Difficult, hard to maintain Devices with highest energy savings, highest wake-up penalty, e.g disk spin up

28. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AT VARYING UTILIZATION LEVELS Utilization measure of performance normalized to performance at peak loads Energy efficient server still consumes ½ power when doing almost no work Power efficiency utilization/power value Peak energy efficiency occurs at peak utilization and drops as utilization decreases At 20-30% utilization, efficiency drops to less than ½ at peak performance

30. TOWARD ENERGY-PROPORTIONAL MACHINES Mismatch between servers’ high-energy efficiency characteristics and behavior Designers need to address this Design machines that consume energy in proportion to amount of work performed No power when idle (easy) Nearly no power when little work (harder) More as activity increases (even harder)

31. CPU POWER Fraction of total server power consumed by CPU changed since 2005 CPU no longer dominates power at peak usage, trend will continue Even less when idle Processors close to energy-proportional Consume < 1/3 power at low activity (70% of peak) Power range less for other components < 50% for DRAM, 25% for disk drives, 15% for network switches

32. DYNAMIC RANGE Processors can run at lower voltage frequency mode without impacting performance No other components with such modes Only inactive modes in DRAM and disks Inactive to active mode transition penalty (even if only idle to active) Servers with 90% dynamic range could cut energy by ½ in data centers Lower peak power by 30% Energy proportional hardware reduce need for power management software How to build energy proportional characteristics into different hardware components?

34. DISKS - INACTIVE/ACTIVE Penalty for transition to active from inactive state makes it less useful Disk penalty 1000 higher for spin up than regular access latency Only useful if idle for several minutes (rarely occurs) More beneficial to have smaller penalty even at higher energy levels Active energy savings schemes are useful even if higher penalty to transition because in low energy mode for longer periods

35. CONCLUSIONS CPUS already exhibit energy proportional profiles other components less so Need significant improvements in memory and disk subsystems Such systems responsible for larger fraction of energy usage Need energy efficient benchmark developers to report measurements at nonpeak levels for complete picture

36. GREEN INTROSPECTION BY K. CAMERON

37. HISTORY OF GREEN In the 1970s Energy crisis High gas prices Fuel shortages Pollution Education and action Environmental activism Energy awareness and conservation Technological innovation

38. GIFTS FROM THE 70S Energy crisis subsided In the meantime advances in computing responsible for: Innovation for energy-efficient buildings and cars Identified causes and effects of global climate change Grassroots activism, distributing info about energy consumption, carbon emission, etc. The same computing technologies pioneered by hippie geeks (???) are the problem now

39. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT Call to action within IT community (what about the 80s??) In 1990s General-purpose microprocessors built for performance Competing processors ever-increasing clock rates and transistor densities fast processing power and exponentially increasing power consumption Power wall at 130 watts Power is a design constraint

41. BETTER, BUT ALSO WORSE? To reduce power consumption Multicore architectures – higher performance, lower power budgets But Users expect performance doubling every 2 years Developers must harness parallelism of multicore architectures Power problems ubiquitous – energy-aware design needed at all levels

42. MORE PROBLEMS Memory architectures consume significant amounts of power Need energy-aware design at systems level Disks, boards, fans switches, peripherals Maintain quality of computing devices, decrease environmental footprint Can’t rely on nonrenewable resources or toxic ingredients

43. THOSE DATA CENTERS IT helping in data centers Reducing energy with virtualization and consolidation Need to address chip level device to heating/cooling of building Need metrics

44. TRADE-OFF How often to replace aging systems? 2% of solid waste comes from consumer electronic components E-waste fastest growing component of waste stream In US 130,000 computers thrown away daily and 100 M cell phones annually Recycle e-waste (good luck) Use computers as long as possible?