1. 11-1 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Trace Evidence ll: Metals, Paint, and Soil Chapter 11

2. 11-2 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Introduction Manufactured products and even most natural materials contain small quantities of elements, or trace elements, in total concentrations of less than 1 percent. The presence of these trace elements is useful, because they: provide “invisible” markers that may establish the source of a material or additional points for comparison

3. 11-3 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Neutron Activation Neutron activation analysis measures the gamma-ray frequencies of specimens that have been bombarded with neutrons. Highly sensitive/nondestructive analysis identify and quantify up to 20-30 trace elements. Forensic analysis uses neutron activation to find trace elements in metals, drugs, paint, soil, gunpowder residue, and hair. Requires access to a nuclear reactor so limited use.

4. 11-4 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Paint Paint spread on most surfaces will dry into a hard film. Paint contains pigments and additives suspended in a binding agent. Paint examined in the crime laboratory usually involves automobiles. Automobile manufacturers normally apply a minimum of 4 coatings to the steel parts of an automobile. These coatings include: electrocoat primer primer surfacer basecoat clearcoat.

5. 11-5 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Methods for Paint Comparison The huge supply of automotive paint helps to make-up the PDQ (automobile paint comparison database). Questioned and known paint specimens are best compared side by side under a stereoscopic microscope. Look for color, surface texture, and color layer sequence. Pyrolysis gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry can identify formula of paint binders. –Solid materials, such as paint, may be heated until they are pryolyzed (decompose) at very high temperatures –The gaseous products are measured as they flow through the GC column.

6. 11-6 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Methods for Paint Comparison The elements that are contained within paint pigments can also be identified by emission spectroscopy or X-ray spectroscopy.

7. 11-7 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein PAINT IDENTIFICATION Crime laboratories are often asked to identify the make and model of a car from a small amount of paint and will make use of color charts for automobile finishes or the PDQ database.

8. 11-8 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Origin of Spectra An atom is composed of a nucleus –containing protons and neutrons Electrons move around the nucleus in electron orbitals. Orbitals have a finite amount of energy called an energy level. Carbon Atom

9. 11-9 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Absorption Spectra Analysis Each element has its own set of energy levels at different distances from the nucleus. Energy levels have fixed values so an atom will only absorb a set amount of heat or light energy. The absorbed energy pushes the electrons into higher energy level orbitals and the atom is now considered in an excited state.

10. 11-10 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Where does Spectra Come From? Electrons will not stay in this excited state for long, and quickly fall back to the original energy level, releasing energy in the form of light. Emission spectroscopy collects and measures the various light energies given off by the atom. Because each element has its own characteristic set of energy levels, each will emit a unique set of frequencies. Emission Spectrophotometer

11. 11-11 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Emission Spectrograph Vaporizes and heats samples a very high temperature – the atoms in the material achieve move around a lot (an “excited” state). The excited atoms emit light, separated into its components, produces a line spectrum. Each element present in the spectrum is identified by the light frequency (remember Ch 4?). Emission spectra for sodium

12. 11-12 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) The sample in aerosol form is introduced into a hot plasma, creating charged particles that emit measurable light wavelengths that can be matched to known elements. ICP is used to identify and quantify the composition of mutilated bullets. JFK bullet fragments

13. 11-13 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Collection and Preservation Paint chips are most likely found on or near persons or objects involved in hit-and-run incidents. Paper druggist folds and glass or plastic vials make excellent containers for paint. Paint smeared or embedded in garments or objects require the whole item to be packaged and sent to the laboratory. Uncontaminated standard/reference paint must always be collected. Smears on cars and other large objects should be scraped down to the metal to preserve all the layers

14. 11-14 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Evidence Collection Tools used to gain entry into buildings or safes often contain traces of paint The tool is collected where possible, along with reference paint samples. All evidence should be recorded in place before collecting (notes/pix) All containers should be labeled and sealed

15. 11-15 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Soil The value of soil as evidence depends on: -its prevalence at crime scenes -its transferability between the scene and the criminal Most soils can be differentiated by their appearance.

16. 11-16 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Soil Analysis A side-by-side visual comparison under a microscope of the color and texture of soil specimens is easy to perform and provides a way of distinguishing soils that originate from different locations.

17. 11-17 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Soil In many forensic laboratories, forensic geologists will characterize and compare the mineral content of soils. Some crime laboratories utilize density- gradient tubes to compare soils. –These tubes are typically filled with layers of liquids that have different density values. –When soil is added to the density-gradient tube, its particles will sink to the portion of the tube that has a density of equal value.

18. 11-18 PRENTICE HALL ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE An Introduction By Richard Saferstein Collection of Soil Standard /reference soils are to be collected at various intervals within a 100-yard radius of the crime scene, as well as the site of the crime, for comparison to the questioned soil. Soil found on the suspect, such as adhering to a shoe or garments, must not be removed. Instead, each object should be individually wrapped in paper, and transmitted to the laboratory.