1. Grand Canyon Jared Appelbaum, Sydney Merkin, Andrew Gottsegen, Izzy Calis

2. Geological Origins Colorado River formed the four plateaus Colorado River formed the four plateaus Dry climate caused erosional activities Dry climate caused erosional activities Crystalline rocks formed Crystalline rocks formed Magma rose into rocks, crystallizing to granite Magma rose into rocks, crystallizing to granite Sediments and lava were deposited Sediments and lava were deposited Mountain formation tilted the rocks Mountain formation tilted the rocks Erosion left on the tilted rocks on the canyon Erosion left on the tilted rocks on the canyon Marine movements formed thick layers Marine movements formed thick layers Widened from dry climate Widened from dry climate Lack of moisture and storms created rock Lack of moisture and storms created rock

3. Natural History Biome- semi-dry desert Biome- semi-dry desert Climate- Climate- Summer (south rim) : 50-80 degrees F, (north rim) : cooler, 40-70 degrees F, thunder storms, (inner canyon) temperatures extremely high Summer (south rim) : 50-80 degrees F, (north rim) : cooler, 40-70 degrees F, thunder storms, (inner canyon) temperatures extremely high Winter (south rim): snowy, foggy, (north rim): extreme snowfall Winter (south rim): snowy, foggy, (north rim): extreme snowfall Spring/Fall: unpredictable- snowy, windy, cool, warm days with cool nights Spring/Fall: unpredictable- snowy, windy, cool, warm days with cool nights Wildlife Wildlife Variety (bald eagle, golden eagle, mountain lion, turkey vulture, coyote) Variety (bald eagle, golden eagle, mountain lion, turkey vulture, coyote)

4. Endemic, Threatened, Endangered Species Endemic (lives in only one place in the world) Endemic (lives in only one place in the world) Sentry milk-vetch plant Sentry milk-vetch plant Agave (from Greek word “noble”- imposing structure) (flower) Agave (from Greek word “noble”- imposing structure) (flower) Agave utahensis (noble from Utah)- Greek meaning (flower) Agave utahensis (noble from Utah)- Greek meaning (flower) Arabis gracilipes (rock cress) (flower) Arabis gracilipes (rock cress) (flower) Threatened Threatened Goshawks Goshawks Spotted owls Spotted owls Endangered Endangered Sentry milk-vetch plant Sentry milk-vetch plant

5. Human History Obstructed vision Obstructed vision Nitrogen and sulfur Nitrogen and sulfur Mercury Mercury Biggest canyon, asthenic value, habitat Biggest canyon, asthenic value, habitat National Park Service Organic Act National Park Service Organic Act National Park Service National Park Service Rich, diverse fossil Rich, diverse fossil Geological, paleontological, archeological and biological resources Geological, paleontological, archeological and biological resources Ecosystems Ecosystems

6. Threats and Cures Threats Air pollution Poor air quality Elevated ozone layers Uranium mining Cures Reduce the burning of fossil fuels Anti-Uranium mining groups

7. Bibliography http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/geologicformations.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/geologicformations.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/geologicformations.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/geologicformations.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/naturalfeaturesand ecosystems.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/naturalfeaturesand ecosystems.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/naturalfeaturesand ecosystems.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/naturalfeaturesand ecosystems.htm http://www.thetrain.com/grand-canyon/weather/ http://www.thetrain.com/grand-canyon/weather/ http://www.thetrain.com/grand-canyon/weather/ http://www.arizona-leisure.com/grand-canyon-animals.html http://www.arizona-leisure.com/grand-canyon-animals.html http://www.arizona-leisure.com/grand-canyon-animals.html http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/birds.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/birds.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/birds.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/upload/plant_gui de_1.pdf http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/upload/plant_gui de_1.pdf http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/upload/plant_gui de_1.pdf http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/upload/plant_gui de_1.pdf http://www.nps.gov/grca/parkmgmt/vrp.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/parkmgmt/vrp.htm http://www.nps.gov/grca/parkmgmt/vrp.htm