1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

2. Learning Outcomes Know key statistical terms 1 Know key measurement terms 2 Know key research terms 3 Know the place of statistics in science 4 Understand summation notation 5

3. Statistics requires basic math skills Inadequate basic math skills puts you at risk in this course Appendix A Math Skills Assessment helps you determine if you need a skills review Appendix A Math Skills Review provides a quick refresher course on those areas. The final Math Skills Assessment identifies your basic math skills competence Math Skills Assessment

4. 1.1 Statistics, Science and Observations “Statistics” means “statistical procedures” Uses of Statistics Goals of statistical procedures

5. 1.2 Populations and Samples Population Sample

6. Figure 1.1 Relationship between population and sample

7. Variables and Data Variable Data (plural) Data set A datum (singular)

8. Parameters and Statistics ParameterStatistic

9. Descriptive & Inferential Statistics Descriptive statistics Familiar examples Inferential statistics Common terminology

10. Sampling Error Samples are never identical to populations Sampling Error

11. Figure 1.2 A demonstration of sampling error

12. Figure 1.3 Role of statistics in experimental research

13. 1.3 Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics Individual Variables Relationships between variables

14. Relationships Between Variables Data Structure I: The Correlational Method –One group of participants –Measure two variables for each participant –Goal is to describe type and magnitude of the relationship –Patterns in the data reveal relationships –Non-experimental method of study

15. Figure 1.4 Data structures for studies evaluating the relationship between variables

16. Correlational Method Limitations Can demonstrate the existence of a relationship Does not provide an explanation for the relationship Most importantly, does not demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables

17. Relationships Between Variables Data Structure II: Comparing two (or more) groups of Scores –One variable defines the groups –Scores are measured on second variable –Both experimental and non-experimental studies use this structure

18. Figure 1.5 Data structure for studies comparing groups

19. Independent/Dependent Variables Independent Variable is the variable manipulated by the researcher Dependent Variable is the one observed to assess the effect of treatment

20. 1.4 Variables and Measurement Scores are obtained by observing and measuring variables that scientists use to help define and explain psychological phenomena The process of measurement consists of applying carefully defined measurement procedures for each variable

21. Discrete and Continuous Variables Discrete variable Continuous variable

22. Scales of Measurement

23. 1.5 Statistical Notation Statistics uses operations and notation you have already learned –Appendix A has a Mathematical Review Statistics also uses some specific notation –Scores are referred to as X (and Y) –N is the number of scores in a population –n is the number of scores in a sample

24. Summation Notation Many statistical procedures sum (add up) a set of scores The summation sign Σ stands for summation –The Σ is followed by a symbol or equation that defines what is to be summed –Summation is done after operations in parentheses, squaring, and multiplication or division. –Summation is done before other addition or subtraction