1. Getting to the root of the “Root” word
Etymology 101
Getting to the root of the “Root” word

2. What Did Europeans Create?
THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THE EUROPEANS CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN INFORMATION

3. Review: Why Etymology?
Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words.
Last week, we discussed the meaning of words with the roots ori, nat, gen, and kin. All of these words relate back to the idea of BIRTH and the SOURCE.
The etymon is the root meaning of the word.
Etymology can increase the number of words a child can learn per week.
Etymology can help students learn at least 60 new words per week.

4. Review: Why Etymology?
Europeans have used linguistics to socially control us via our misunderstanding of language. By applying connotative or additional/shaded meanings to words, we bury the denotative meaning, which suppresses the true meaning of the word.
The meaning of words all have a cultural context. Europeans added connotative meanings to words to take the word out of its cultural context; this causes misunderstanding or lack of knowledge of ancient customs and practices.
We want to get back to the principles and customs of our ancient mothers and fathers so that we can use astrology, geometry, metaphysics, and cosmology to heal ourselves and heighten our frequency.

5. Etymology Etymology consists of
The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology.
Etymology: The study of the origins of words.
Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of)
Etymology consists of
Word Parts (Affixes and Roots)
Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…)
How words change over time
Word cognates in various languages within a language family.

6. Word Parts: Prefix
A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word.
Pre (before) + fix (to fasten)
Interview
Other Examples:
Interact
Review
React

7. Word Parts: Prefix A prefix changes the meaning of a word
Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct
Struct (the root) means to build
Con + struct: to build together/with
Re + con + struct: to build together again
De + con + struct: to build down

8. Prefix Rules A prefix can function as an intensifier. Example:
Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength.
Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.

9. Word Parts: Suffix
A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word.
lawful
Suff (after) + fix (to fasten)
happiness
Other Examples:
hopeful
goodness

10. Word Parts: Suffix A suffix can change the part of speech of a word
Noun Suffix Endings
-age: mileage; postage; damage
-ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship
Verb Suffix Endings
-ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate)
- ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise)
Adjective Suffix Ending
- able (capable; lovable)
-al (national; natural; seasonal)
Adverb Endings
-ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly)
- where (somewhere; anywhere)

11. Suffix Rules A word can have as many as three suffixes
Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality
Root: sti: to stand
Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion
Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al
Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity

12. Suffix Rules Suffixes have meanings Like State of/Condition/Quality
Musical; comical; classical
Fantastic; realistic; Slavic
State of/Condition/Quality
Appointment; retirement
Insistence; patience; inheritance
One who:
Physician; musician; politician
Teacher; barber; carpenter
Artist; pianist; astrologist

13. Word Parts: Roots What is the Root?
The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened.
Remember:
pre (before) + fix (fasten)
suf (after) + fix (fasten)
Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.
The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.

14. Word Parts: Roots Cred: to believe Incredible: Creditor:
In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able)
Definition: not able to believe
Creditor:
Cred(it) + or (a person who)
Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed

15. Word Parts: Roots Ject: to throw Reject: Project: Interject:
Re (back) + ject (throw):
Definition: to throw back
Project:
Pro (forward) + ject (throw)
Definition: to throw forward
Interject:
Prefix: Inter
Definition: to throw between

16. Word Parts: All Together

17. Prefix-Suffix-Root Line
Prefix Root Suffix
3P P P S S S
_______________________________________________

18. What’s the Root of this Word?
Conspicuous
con + spic + uous:
visible, open to view, striking
Resist
Re + sist
To stand against

19. What’s the Root of this Word?
Respect
Re + spect
To look back (and see someone); to regard
Restitution
Re + sti(t) + ut(e) + ion
The quality or condition of standing again
Institute
In + stit + ut(e) + ion
To cause to stand (i.e. establish)

20. What’s the Root of this Word?
Reparations
Re + par +at(e) + ion
The condition or quality of putting back in order/arranging (par=to arrange; re=again)
Establish
E + stabl(e) + ish
To make stable

21. What’s the Root of this Word?
Regard
Re + gard (as in guard)
To look or to heed
Subject
Sub + ject
To throw under
Speculative
Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive
Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually

22. Semantic Discussions Which words have similar meanings
Speculative; conspicuous
Restitution; reparation
Establish; institute
Respect; regard
Think about your understanding of the word subject. It is used in various contexts. One context is school. Knowing the definition, why do you think they refer to the different fields of study as “subjects”.

23. Semantic Discussions (con…)
Another context of subject is to use it as a verb- to subject a person to cruel and unusual punishment is a violation of the Constitution. How does this relate back to our understanding of the denotative meaning of the word subject?
The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?

24. The Matrix Map (Beginner)

25. The Matrix Map (Advanced)

26. The Matrix Map (Beginner)

27. The Matrix Map (Advanced)

28. Word and the National Origin
English is the youngest language on the planet; it is a compilation of tongues of the world. We are often told that these words are mostly from Latin and Greek; however, most words can be traced back to Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Egyptian.
Knowing the origin of words is important because it can direct you to the basic and most fundamental meaning of a word.
Words have connotative and denotative meanings (see in slides later). Having knowledge of both will help you understand more accurately many of the words with which you already may be somewhat familiar.

29. Denotation vs Connotation
This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology).
Connotation:
This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings

30. What is the Connotation?
Stench
Scent
Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor.
Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in c.
Definition: what can be smelled.
Etymology: O.F. sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see

31. Defining Words: The Matrix Principle

32. Indo European Languages
Indo European refers to the language and people that historically range from Europe to present day India. Indo Europeans existed during Bronze Age and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic (Greek), Indo-Iranian /Aryan, Italic, and Tocharian. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families.
Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into one sub- family group, called the Balto-Slavic language family.

33. Indo-European Language Family Tree

34. Proto Indo European Roots
English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic.
We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:

35. Proto Indo European Roots
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°.
American Heritage Dictionary
PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.

36. [Looking in the Brackets]

37. [Looking in the Brackets]

38. [Looking in the Brackets]

39. [Looking in the Brackets]

40. [Looking in the Brackets]

41. which means Birth, Source, or Origin
PIE Example #1
The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is
gen-
which means Birth, Source, or Origin

42. PIE Example #1 (con…) Basic Form: genƏ With Suffix: genƏ-es
Latin: genus; race and kind
Gender, general, genre, miscegenation
Greek: genos and gena; race.
Gene, genocide, genealogy, heterogeneous
With suffix: gen(Ə)-yo
Latin genius; procreative divinity; inborn
Genial, genius, congenial
With suffix gen(Ə)-men
Latin: germen; shoot, bud, embryo
Germinate, germane, germinal

43. PIE Example #1 (con…) O-Grade Form: gonƏ, reduced to gon
Greek: gonos, child, procreation, seed
Gonad, gonadotherapy, aganogony
Sanskrit: janah; off-spring, child, person
Harijan

44. PIE Example #1 (con…) Zero-grade form: gnƏ With Suffix: gnƏ-yo
OE: cyn(n), race, family, kin
Kin, kindred
OE: cyning; king. From Germanic: kuningaz
Both cyn and kuningaz come from Germanic kunjuam, family
With Suffix: gnƏ-t; gnƏ-ti, gnƏ-to
OE: cynd, gecynde(e); origin, birth, race, family, kind
kind
Germanic: kundjaz; race, family
Latin: gens, from genti; race, clan
Genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, jaunty, gendarme
Greek: genesis, birth, beginning
Old High German: kind, kentham; child
Kindergarten, Kriss Kringle, wunderkind

45. PIE Example #1 (con…) Zero-Grade Form (con…)
Sanskirt: jata; born
Reduplicated form: gi-gn(Ə)
Latin: gignere; to beget (past participle of genitus)
Genital, progenitor, primogeniture, progeny, gingerly
Reduced form: gn and suffix form –gn-o
Latin: benignus, malignus; benign, malign
Transliterated: gna
Latin: praegnas
Pregnant, impregnate
Suffixed form: gnƏ-sko to gna-sko
Latin: gnasic, nasci (past participle gnatus, natus)
Natal, nation, nature, noel, cognate, Renaissance, Puny
Reduced form: gn
Sanskrit: krmi-ja

46. Which means to stand or remain in place
PIE Example #2
The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root.
The PIE root for the above roots is
Hint: look up words with the roots named above.
Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent
Sta-
Which means to stand or remain in place

47. PIE Example #2 Sta in Latin is stare or stat-.
In Germanic, STAND, STEOOL, STEM, STEED, STUD, STEER.
Old English stead, stod.
Standan: to stand
Stede: place
Steal: place where cattle are kept
In Old Norse standa.
Stedi: anvil
Stallr: pedestal for idols, altar
In Old Saxon and Gothic standan (to stand)
In Old High German stantan.
In Swedish sta,
Dutch staan,
German
Stehen
Stall: stable

48. PIE Example #2 Indo-Iranian Hellenic: Italic
Old Irish
Sessam: the act of standing
Indo-Iranian
Sanskrit: tisthati, (stands)
Avenstan: histaiti, (to stand)
Persian: stan (country; where one stands)
Hellenic:
Histemi: put, place, cause to stand; weigh,
stasis: a standing still
statos: placed
stater: a weight; coin
stylos: pillar
Italic
In Latin:
Sister: stand still, stop, make stand, place, produce in court
stare
status: manner, position, condition, attitude
statio: station, post

49. PIE Example # 3 Balto-Slavic Lithuanian: stojus (place myself)
statau (place)
Old Church Slavic:
Staja (place myself)
Stanu (position)

50. Practice with PIE Roots
Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words:
Actuary
Affidavit
Advisory
Fealty
Navigate
Nice
Scientific
Soprano
Sovereign
Witness

51. Practice with PIE Roots
Answers to Step 1: Identifying the PIE root
Actuary (act)- ag
Affidavit (fid)- bheidh
Advisory (vid)- weid
Fealty (fea)- bheidh
Navigate (ig)- ag
Nice (sci)- skei
Scientific (sci)- skei
Soprano (sopra)- uper
Sovereign (sover)- uper
Witness (wit)-weid

52. Practice with PIE Roots
Step 2: Find three cognates in various Indo European languages (preferably Latin, French, Old or Middle English, Germanic, or Greek)
Step 3: Give at least 5 other words in Modern English with the same PIE root.

53. Legal Terms Black - bhel: to shine a bright color; white Colored
Look Up the following Words and Identify the Meaning based on the Proto Indo European Root.
Black
- bhel: to shine a bright color; white
Colored
- kel: to hide or conceal
Orphan
- orbh: to change one’s allegiance; to pass from one status to another

54. Legal Terms and Etymology
The legal meaning correlates to the derivative meaning, as seen in “Black’s Law Dictionary” (4th ed).

55. Legal Terms and Etymology
Black Blanc (French) Blanco (Spanish) bhleg- to shine, white Black was not associated with “the pupil of the eye” until as early as the 700s AD and as late as 1400s AD, in many

56. Thank You
Thank you for your time and attention. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments. B.Selah Li-Bey The Cultivated Mind Learning Program Selah Educational Services LLC