1. Isotopic and Element Characterisation of Potential Sources of Aerosols entering the South Atlantic Ocean Roulin Khondoker The Team Dominik Weiss, Tina van de Flierdt, Mark Rehkamper, Alex Baker, Rosie Chance

2. PhD Project PhD The Importance of Anthropogenic Vs. Natural Sources of Aerosols into the South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) PhD Aims Characterise key aerosol sources in South America and Southern Africa Characterise aerosols collected from D357 and JC068 cruises Make interpretations on anthropogenic vs. natural trace metal aerosol sources in the South Atlantic Ocean

3. Outline of Talk Aims & Objectives Materials & Methods Results Conclusions

4. Aims & Objectives Aims Characterise the major ion, trace metal and REEs concentration and isotopic ratios (of Pb, Nd and Zn) of potential sources of aerosols entering the SAO and identify characteristic sources for the proxies Objectives Identify important emission regions that transport aerosols to the SAO Collect data and samples of potential sources of these emissions Create a database of Pb, Nd and Zn isotope data and element data of these sources Identify anthropogenic vs. natural sources

5. Types of Sources Anthropogenic Urban AerosolTraffic emissions Road dust Fuel (e.g. gasoline, coal) Lichens Industrial EmissionIndustrial plant (e.g. smelters) and factory emissions Coal (e.g. fuel burning at power plants) Natural Natural AerosolAeolian/windblown dust Desert dust Volcanic dust Lichen Volcanic MaterialAsh Debris Soil Volcanic Rock Natural SedimentRock (e.g. rock type besides volcanic) Soil Sand Loess Riverbed sediment Sea Spray

6. Important Emissions Sao Paulo & Rio de Janeiro Patagonia Andes Buenos Aires Namibia South Africa Anthropogenic Urban AerosolTraffic emissions Road dust Fuel Lichens Industrial EmissionIndustrial plant and factory emissions Coal Natural Natural AerosolAeolian/windblown dust Desert dust Volcanic dust Lichen Volcanic MaterialAsh Debris Soil Volcanic Rock Natural SedimentRock (e.g. rock type besides volcanic) Soil Sand Loess Riverbed sediment Sea Spray

7. Sample Collection Regions Samples & Data were Collected from Samples Collected South AmericaType of SourceSouthern AfricaType of Source Buenos Aires Sao Paulo Patagonia Andes Urban Aerosol Volcanic Material Natural Sediment Volcanic Material JohannesburgUrban Aerosol Data Collected Brazil Columbia Ecuador Chile Argentina Urban Aerosol Natural Sediment Volcanic Material Urban Aerosols Natural Aerosol Natural Sediment Volcanic Material Namibia South Africa Kalahari Desert Natural Aerosol Volcanic Material Natural Sediment Urban aerosol Industrial Emission Natural Aerosol

8. Sample Collection Collected and analysed/will analyse for : - Total concentration of major ions (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na) on ICP-AES Total concentration of trace metals and REEs (Cu, Co, La, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn, Y) on ICP-MS Pb, Nd and Zn isotopic ratios on MC-ICP-MS Pb & Nd data collected, but limited Zn data for Southern Africa sources (anthropogenic and natural) Important to collect more samples from at least Southern Africa

9. Source Database Pb, Nd, Zn Isotopic Ratio Database Multielement Concentration Database

10. Source Characterisation: Pb

12. Southern Africa South America

13. Source Characterisation: Nd Urban Aerosol Natural Aerosol South America Southern Africa Natural Aerosol Urban Aerosol Buenos Aires Johannesburg Patagonia

14. Source Characterisation: Zn δ 66/64 Zn Lyon (‰) Igneous Anthropogenic Industrial Emission Urban Aerosol Volcanic Material F Larner, M Rehkamper (2012) Evaluation of Stable Isotope Tracing for ZnO Nanomaterials New Constraints from High Precision Isotope Analyses and Modeling 2σ

15. Conclusion Anthropogenic Vs. Natural sources between South America and Southern Africa can be characterised using Pb isotopic ratios Anthropogenic sources between South America and Southern Africa can be characterised by Nd isotopic ratios Possibly, natural sources between South America and Southern Africa can be characterised by Nd isotopic ratios Zn identifies some variation between anthropogenic vs. natural sources but unable to distinguish between region of origin yet as dataset is limited Further work to be carried out to be able to use multielement data to characterise sources

16. Thank you