1. THE SUBJUNCTIVE

2. OVERVIEW – THE THREE MOODS The subjunctive mood is an alternative set of verb forms found in the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses but not in the future or future perfect (although a kind of future can be made with the verb esse (to be) and the future participle). The subjunctive seems originally to have been employed to emphasise something happening in someone’s mind (a wish, thought etc.) rather than in reality but this meaning is not obvious in all of its uses The ordinary verb forms you have been learning so far are known as the indicative mood and the forms of ordering someone to do something (e.g. valē, valēte) make up the imperative mood.

3. MAIN USES Hopes, wishes, deliberation, possibility –vivat Caesar! Long live Caesar! quid faciam What am I to do? When/since clauses with `cum’ –cum magister abesset, discipulī lūdere incēpērunt When the teacher was away, the students started to play –Mīlitēs, cum hostēs superāvissent, in castra revēnērunt When the soldiers had defeated the enemy, they went back to the camp. Purpose clauses –Hannibal Alpēs trānsīvit ut Rōmānōs in Italiā oppugnāret Hannibal crossed the Alps so that he could attack the Romans in Italy Result clauses –discipulī tantōs clāmōrēs sustulērunt ut caput mihi dōlēret The students made so much noise that my head hurt. Reported questions –eum rogāvī ubi esset lātrīna I asked him where the toilet was. Reported commands/advice etc. –centuriō mihi imperāvit ut carcerem custōdīrem The centurion ordered me to guard the prison –Modestum monēbō nē plūra loquātur. I’ll warn Modestus not to speak any more. Subordinate clauses in reported speech –dīcunt custōdēs publicōs fūrem comprehendisse quī pecūniam abstulisset They say the police have caught the thief who had stolen the money Counter-factual or remote conditionals –sī Scipiō Hannibalem nōn vīcisset, Carthāgō domina Maris Mediterrāneī fuisset If Scipio had not defeated Hannibal, Carthage would have been mistress of the Mediterranean. –sī pecūniam habērēmus, vōs adiuvārēmus If we had money, we would help you.

4. PRESENT TENSE Like footballers exchanging shirts at the end of a game, 1st conjugation (infinitive in – ā re) and all other regular verbs (infinitives in –ere/ēre/īre form the present subjunctive with the other side’s `signature vowel’ –The first conjugation uses `e’ instead of `a’ (e.g. amat > amet) –The other conjugations all use `a’, the third group having only this vowel before the personal endings whilst the 2nd. and 4th add it to their `signature’ `e’ or `i’ (e.g d ī cit > d ī cat, monet > moneat, audit > audiat The only other change is using `m’ instead of `o’ as the first person singular ending e.g. amo > amem

5. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem

6. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs

7. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet

8. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus

9. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus amētis

10. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amem amēs amet amēmus amētis ament

11. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer

12. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris

13. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur

14. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur

15. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur amēminī

16. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE amer amēris amētur amēmur amēminī amentur

17. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam

18. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās

19. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat

20. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus

21. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus moneātis

22. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE moneam moneās moneat moneāmus moneātis moneant

23. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear

24. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris

25. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur

26. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur

27. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur moneāmini

28. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE monear moneāris moneātur moneāmur moneāminī moneantur

29. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam

30. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās

31. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat

32. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus

33. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus regātis

34. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regam regās regat regāmus regātis regant

35. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar

36. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris

37. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur

38. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur

39. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur regāminī

40. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE regar regāris regātur regāmur regāminī regantur

41. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam

42. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās

43. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat

44. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus

45. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus audiātis

46. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiam audiās audiat audiāmus audiātis audiant

47. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar

48. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris

49. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur

50. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur

51. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur audiāminī

52. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE audiar audiāris audiātur audiāmur audiāminī audiantur

53. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim

54. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs

55. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit

56. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus

57. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus sītis

58. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint

59. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The base for this tense is formed by removing the final `e’ from the present infinitive and adding the endings –em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, ētis, ent For example: –amāre > amārem, amār ēs, am ār et etc. –audīre > audīrem, audīr ēs, audīr et etc. –esse > essem, ess ēs, esset etc. –ferre > ferrem, ferr ēs, ferret etc.

60. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem

61. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs

62. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret

63. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus

64. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus regerētis

65. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE regerem regerēs regeret regerēmus regerētis regerent

66. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer

67. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris

68. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur

69. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur

70. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur regerēminī

71. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE regerer regerēris regerētur regerēmur regerēminī regerentur

72. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE The base for this tense is formed by taking the final `e’ from the perfect infinitive and adding the endings –em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, ētis, ent For example: –amāvisse > amāvissem, amāviss ēs, am āviss et etc. –audīvisse > audīvissem, audīviss ēs, audīviss et etc. –fuisse > fuissem, fuiss ēs, fui sset etc. –tulisse > tulissem, tuliss ēs, tuliss et etc.

73. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem

74. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs

75. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset

76. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus

77. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus rēxissētis

78. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxissem rēxissēs rēxisset rēxissēmus rēxissētis rēxissent

79. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem

80. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs

81. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset

82. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus

83. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus rēctī essētis

84. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus essem rēctus essēs rēctus esset rēctī essēmus rēctī essētis rēctī essent

85. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE This tense in the active voice is very similar to the Future Perfect tense of the indicative but has –erim instead of – erō for the first person singular. - In the second person singular and the first and second person plural the `i’ linking the personal endings to the stem is generally long, but poets make the `i’ short if it suits their metre! The Future perfect always has –eris, -erimus, -eritis but the Perfect Subjunctive has -er īs or -e ris, -er ī mus or - erimus, -er ītis or – eritis. For example: –Mihi dīc num pēnsum perfēcerītis (or perfēceritis) Tell me whether you have finished the job The `i’ in -erit and –erint is never long (since only short vowels are allowed before –nt or final –t) The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE is made with the perfect participle and the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (i.e. sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint )

86. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim

87. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris)

88. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit

89. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus (or –erimus)

90. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus (or –erimus) rēxerītis (or –eritis)

91. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE rēxerim rēxerīs (or –eris) rēxerit rēxerīmus (or –erimus) rēxerītis (or –eritis) rēxerint

92. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim

93. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs

94. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit

95. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus

96. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus rēctī sītis

97. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE rēctus sim rēctus sīs rēctus sit rēctī sīmus rēctī sītis rēctī sint