1. HEAT TRANSFER CHALLENGES IN PROCESS INTENSIFICATION
David Reay

2. What is Process Intensification?
In the words of chemical engineers:
PI significantly increases transport rates
It gives every molecule the same processing experience
It can also lead to improved energy efficiency, smaller & lower cost plant and safer processing (e.g. by reduced inventories). It can permit local production of food/chemicals.

3. HEXAG Relevance Highly compact/micro-heat exchangers
Heat exchanger- and micro-reactors
Heat pipes
Heat transfer enhancement
Rotation
Electric fields
Mixing etc.

4. PI is not new
The Audiffren Singrun refrigerator of 1905 (France) used centrifugal forces to distribute the fluid. This was SO2.

5. The NASA Rotating Boiler – 1950s
Heat fluxes to 257 W/sq.cm; 400 G.
Suggested >600 W/cm.sq. at 1000 G
Critical heat flux increased compared to 1-G, but HTC similar.

6. The rotating air conditioning unit around the same time – based upon a rotating heat pipe & axial flow compressor, with evaporation in fan blades (LHS) and liquid return via a tapering tube.

7. Rotex or Rotartica – Absorption airconditioner.

8. Highly compact heat exchangers
The basis of HEX-reactors, with catalysts on each side.
Hundreds of channels, each needing identical feeds – here for hydrogen production.

9. Toshiba mobile phone
100 mW direct methanol fuel cell (2005) – where micro heat exchanger/reactor technology is needed.

10. Spinning disc reactor
Rotation to 10,000 rpm; used for food processing & chemical reactions.
Needs to deal with very rapid exo- or endothermic processes on the top surface.

11. SDR Wave formation – strong mixing in a thin film

12. SDR Temperature distribution
Uniform/isothermal heating of treacle!

13. Thermal control on an SDR
Overall U of 10 kW/sq.m.K – transfers 39 kW from a 0.5 m diameter disc with a 20 K temperature difference, even for organic fluids.

14. Custard manufacture
Milk & custard powder are introduced onto the centre of the SDR – continuous production is feasible.

15. Spinning cone is a variant – in this case to make barium sulphate
Spinning cone is a variant – in this case to make barium sulphate. Nano particle productions is done in China.

16. Plasma or laser reactors

17. Ceramic micro-heat exchanger
Basis of high temperature reactions – still fabrication problems. Scale in cm.

18. The Honeywell Hymatic IR Detector Cooler

19. Metal mesh heat exchanger. Camb. Univ.
Cross-flow configuration here, with cooling flow horizontal. Pressure to compact the mesh layers.

20. Mesh performance data for air & water (LFM = lattice frame material)

21. Taylor-Couette flows between two closely spaced cylinders, one of which rotates. Laminar flow – used for reactions.
It does throw up the question over whether the use of bulk fluid properties such as viscosity are appropriate in such equipment – the same question hangs over flow and heat transfer in micro-channels.

22. Heat spreading in reactors – 6% yield increase in China

23. The ‘ARCTIC’ chip cooler
Wankel-type rotary compressor; 25 mm x 30 mm footprint; COP 4.6; 45 W duty; 40 K temp.diff.; 1000 rpm compressor speed.

24. A laptop – like the earlier mobile phone!
The chip still needs cooling, as well as the thermal control of the fuel cell reformer. The methanol supply is shown temporarily fitted to the laptop. (NEC)

25. Capillary-pumped loop for chip cooling
130 W duty; passive

26. Finally - Ashe-Morris complex geometries
Variable channels & agitated cells as reactor bases.