1. Light

2. 17.1 What is Light? Light is an important source of energy. It enables us to see. The Sun is the most important source of natural light. Without sunlight, it is impossible for living things to survive on earth.

3. Speed of light Light travels at a very high speed. During a storm, lightning and thunder occur at the same location, but we see lightning first before we hear thunder. This shows that light travels faster than sound. Light has the fastest speed in the Universe. It travels at 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum.

4. Jetplane 350 m/s Space shuttle 7,780 m/s Cheetah 31.0 m/s Speed of light Light in vacuum 300,000,000 m/s Comparison of the speed of light with the speeds of other things: Garden snail 0.04 m/s Sound in air 330 m/s Earth in orbit around the Sun 29,780 m/s

5. How does light travel? Light travels in straight lines. Experiment 1: How do we know light travels in straight lines? Look at the flame of a candle through a straight hose. You should be able to see the light through the hose. Now, try looking through a bent hose. The light from the candle cannot reach your eyes. This shows that light does not bend, but travels in straight lines.

6. How does light travel? Since light travels in straight lines, shadows have the same shape as the object blocking the light. If light did not travel in straight lines, it would go round all objects and cast no shadow.

7. Rays and beams We can trace the path of light from a source by drawing straight lines to join one point to another. Such lines are called light rays. A bundle of light rays is known as a beam of light. Beams of light can be parallel, divergent or convergent. Parallel beamDivergent beam (fan outwards) Convergent beam (merge to a point)

8. Quiz 1 1. What is light? Light is an energy that enables us to see 2. How fast does light travel in a vacuum? It travels at 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum. 3. Why are shadows of objects formed when there is light? Because light travels in a straight line and is blocked by the objects.

9. Quiz 1 4. What are light rays? The straight paths of a light source from one point to another. 5. State the three types of light beams. Parallel beam Divergent beam Convergent beam

10. 17.2 Reflection When light rays hit the surface of another medium, it can be reflected. On a smooth surface such as the surface of a mirror, regular reflection takes place. A clear and undistorted image can be seen in the surface. Reflected images are very clear on a smooth surface. A parallel beam of light stays parallel after regular reflection.

11. 17.2 Reflection If the surface is rough such as the surface of a sheet of paper, irregular reflection occurs. The surface can be seen but no reflected images are seen in it. For example, when light shines on the paper, no reflected image is formed although light is reflected. Although this page appears smooth, under a microscope, you can see how rough it is. Thus, there is no reflected image. A parallel beam of light hitting a rough surface gets scattered or reflected in an irregular manner.

12. Reflection in a mirror The flat mirror is a good reflector of light and is also called a plane mirror. Look at yourself in a mirror. What you see is an image of yourself. You can see your image in the mirror because light rays from your body are regularly reflected by the mirror into your eyes.

13. Reflection in a mirror Characteristics of plane mirror images oThe distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror. oThe image and the object are the same size. oThe image is upright. oThe image is laterally inverted. This means the left and right side of the image are reversed. oThe image is virtual. This means that the image cannot be projected onto a screen behind the mirror.

14. Reflection in a mirror The position of an object’s image can be shown using light rays. The light rays that bounce off the mirror into the eye of the observer will appear to have originated from the image from behind the mirror.

15. Tracing reflected light rays O N A B Incident ray Reflected ray A ray of light AO strikes the mirror at point O, creating an angle i with the perpendicular line NO. AO is called the incident ray, and angle i is called the angle of incidence. The perpendicular line to the surface NO is also known as the normal. The light ray bounces off the mirror and leaves along the path OB. OB is called the reflected ray. This ray makes an angle r with the normal. This angle is known as the angle of reflection.

16. Types of mirrors Plane mirrors oPlane mirrors are usually used to check one’s appearance. oThey are also used as a form of decoration to make a room appear more spacious. oPlane mirrors are used in cars as rear-view or side-view mirrors.

17. Types of mirrors Concave mirrors oThese are mirrors with a curved surface that bends inwards. oWhen the object is near the concave surface, images formed are virtual and magnified.

18. Types of mirrors Convex mirrors oMirrors that bend outwards are called convex mirrors. oThe back of a spoon is an example. Side-view mirrors of cars are sometimes convex mirrors. oConvex mirrors cover a wider field of vision, and the images formed are distorted and smaller.

19. Quiz 2 1. What is reflection of light? It is the bouncing of light when it hits the surface of another medium. 2. When does regular reflection occur? When light reflects on a smooth surface such as the surface of a mirror. 3. When does irregular reflection occur? When light reflects on a rough surface such as the surface of a sheet of paper.

20. Quiz 2 4. What is a plane mirror? A flat mirror which is a good reflector of light. 5. State five characteristics of plane mirror images. The distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror. The image and the object are the same size. The image is upright. The image is laterally inverted. The image is virtual.

21. Quiz 2 6. The diagram below shows the reflection of light on a smooth surface. (a) Name the light ray AO. Incident light ray (b) Name the light ray OB. Reflected light ray O N A B

22. Quiz 2 (c) Name the perpendicular line NO. Normal line (d) Name the angle AON. Angle of incidence (e) Name the angle BON. Angle of reflection O N A B

23. Quiz 2 7. Name the three types of mirrors. Plane mirrors Concave mirrors Convex mirrors 8. State two characteristics of concave mirror images. The images are virtual. The images are magnified. 9. State two characteristics of convex mirror images. The images are distorted. The images are smaller than the objects.

24. 17.3 Refraction Light bends when a light ray travels from one medium to another medium of different density (such as from air to water). This bending of light is known as refraction.

25. 17.3 Refraction When light travels from air to glass, it gets refracted. Normal incident ray Normal glass block B A emergent ray At A, the point where the ray enters, a normal is drawn. When light enters the glass block, it is moving from a less dense medium to a denser medium. Hence, the ray of light will bend towards the normal. When the ray of light exits the glass block at B, it is moving from a denser medium to a less dense medium. Hence, it will bend away from the normal.

26. Effect of refraction: Apparent depth Refraction of light causes the coin to appear higher than it really is. When viewed from the surface, the depth of the basin of water will always seem less than what it really is. We say the apparent depth is less than the real depth. This explains why a pool appears shallower than it is.

27. Quiz 3 1. What is refraction of light? The bending of light when it travels from one medium to another medium of different density. 2. When does regular reflection occur? When light reflects on a smooth surface such as the surface of a mirror. 3. When does irregular reflection occur? When light reflects on a rough surface such as the surface of a sheet of paper.

28. Quiz 3 4. The diagram below shows the refraction of light from air through a glass block. (a) Name the light ray RA. Incident light ray (b) Name the light ray AB. Refracted light ray N R N B A S

29. Quiz 3 (c) Name the light ray BS. Emergent light ray (d) Name the perpendicular lines NA and NB. Normal lines N R N B A S

30. Quiz 3 (e) Name the angle RAN. Angle of incidence (f) Name the angle N’AB. Angle of refraction N R N B A S N’

31. Quiz 3 5. State two effects of refraction of light. An object appears higher in water than it really is. When viewed from the surface, water in a swimming pool appears shallower than its actual depth.

32. 17.4 Dispersion of White Light Sunlight appears white, but it is made up of different colours. 1. When a beam of white light passes through a prism, it is split into different colours. 2. This is because the different colours of white light bend towards the normal through diffferent angles when entering and leaving the prism. 3. A spectrum of colours is produced, which is made up of seven colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This splitting of white light is called dispersion.

33. 17.5 Colours Primary colours are basic colours that cannot be obtained by mixing other colours of light. Primary colours of light are red, green and blue. Secondary colours of light are colours that are formed by mixing primary colours. Secondary colours are cyan, yellow and magenta.

34. 17.5 Colours Green BlueRed White Cyan Yellow Magenta

35. 17.5 Colours Green White We can see the colour of an object as it reflects that colour into our eyes. When white light falls on a green object, the object absorbs all other colours and reflects only green light. This is the case for the leaves of the strawberries below. The strawberries appear red because they absorb all other colours except red. Red White

36. 17.5 Colours Experiment 3: Coloured light Take three different coloured balls: red, blue and green. Let us see what happens to these coloured balls under different colours of light. When white light is shone on these balls, each ball will reflect their respective colours. This is because white light contains all the colours of the spectrum. When red light is shone on the balls, only the red ball will reflect the red light. The green and blue balls appear black since they can only reflect green and blue light respectively.

37. 17.5 Colours Experiment 3: Coloured light What happens when a yellow ball is used in this experiment? Under white light, a yellow ball appears yellow But if red light is shone on the yellow ball, it appears red. Yellow is a secondary colour, which consists of red and green. Thus, a yellow ball can reflect both red and green light.

38. Quiz 4 1.How many colours does the sunlight consist of? Seven 2.What is dispersion of white light? This splitting of white light into seven rainbow colours. 3.State the colours of sunlight. Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet 4.Which colour of light is the fastest? Red light

39. Quiz 4 5.Which colour of light is the slowest? Violet light 6.Which colour of light will be refracted the most? Violet light 7.Which colour of light will be refracted the least? Red light

40. Quiz 4 8.What are primary colours of light? Primary colours are basic colours that cannot be obtained by mixing other colours of light. 9.State the primary colours of light. Red, Green and Blue. 10.What are secondary colours of light? Secondary colours of light are colours that are formed by mixing primary colours.

41. Quiz 4 11. State the secondary colours of light. Cyan, Yellow and Magenta 12.How do you produce cyan light? By adding green light to blue light 13.How do you produce yellow light? By adding red light to green light 14.How do you produce magenta light? By adding red light to blue light

42. Quiz 4 15.Why are we able to see the colour of an object? We can see the colour of an object as it reflects that colour into our eyes. 16.When white light falls on a blue table, why are we able to see only a blue table and not other colours? When white light falls on a blue table, the object absorbs all other colours and reflects only blue light.

43. Quiz 4 17.What happens to a red light when it is shone on a blue chair? The red light will be absorbed by the chair. The chair will appear black as it will reflect blue light only and absorb other colours of light. 18.What happens to a red light when it is shone on a yellow shirt? The red light will be reflected by the shirt. The shirt will appear red as it will reflect red and green light only and absorb other colours of light.