1. Case 1

2. A Quick Vindicates (insert groan here) of Back Pain Vascular – AAA – Aortic dissection – Avascular necrosis -> pathological fracture Infective – Osteomyelitis – TB – All can cause pathological fractures Idiopathic Paget’s disease Neoplastic – Primary, mets, haematological -> pathological fractures Degenerative – Osteoarthritis – Spinal stenosis – Disk prolapse Inflammatory – Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reactive arthritis (Hx separates these conditions) Congenital – Kyphoscoliosis – Spondylolisthesis – Spina bifida Autoimmune – Lupus Trauma – Muscle tears – Ligament tears – Joint strain, rupture – Vertebral fractures Endocrine/Metabolic – Cushing's, corticosteroids – Pathological fractures: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s, hyperparathyroidism, Social – Worker’s compensation claim – Somatisation

3. DiseaseAgeLocationQualityAggravating or Relieving Signs Muscle strainAnyLumbarAche, spasmIncreases with activity Sudden, localised Disk herniation<50Lumbar, legSharp, shooting, burning, leg pain Improves when standing, resolves within 6-8 weeks +ve straight leg raise, weakness, sluggish reflexes Osteoarthritis or spinal stenosis >50Lumbar, legs Aching, shooting pains, paraesthesia Worsened by walking, esp. up stairs. Improved by sitting Weakness, sluggish or asymmetric reflexes Traumatic fracture Trauma: sudden, sharp, intense Worsened by movement, palpation Tenderness, swelling, erythema, deformity SpondylolisthesisAnyBack, tight hamstrings AcheIncreases with bending and activity Exaggerated lumbar lordosis, palpable spinal step Ankylosing Spondylosis 15- 40 Lumbar, sacroiliac, buttock Insidious onset, Aching pain Worse (waking) at night, improved by exercise, NSAID Male, sacroiliac joint tender on palpation, loss of lumbar lordosis InfectionAnyLumber, sacrum Sharp acheVariesFever, percussive tenderness, neurologic signs Malignancy>50Affected vertebra Dull ache, throbbing, worsening UnremittingLocalised tenderness, neurologic signs

4. The Case - Michael Michael, 24YO male presented 1 week ago with a red eye, possibly related to long standing back pain, resolved by topical corticosteroids. Progressively worsening back pain began at 16YO, described as aching of buttocks and lower back with stiffness that is worse in the morning Pain is worse at night, occasionally waking him, and relieved by gently daily activity and NSAIDS

5. Which of these Correlates to Michael’s Back Pain? Age: Pain began at 16YO so osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, Paget’s and malignancy are less likely Character/duration/intensity: Long standing worsening ache makes muscle strain, traumatic fracture, infection less likely. Not resolving within 6-8 weeks and no leg pain, paraesthesia makes disk herniation less likely. Vertebral vertebral misalignment (spondylolisthesis, kyphoscoliosis) still possible Aching pain of buttocks and lumbosacral region worsening at night, morning stiffness, improved by exercise, <40YO, NSAID responsive, uveitis all point to ankylosing spondylitis (70% S/S U.T.D)

6. Ankylosing Spondylitis Sacral-iliac joint (sacroiliitis) is the main location of disease, being precocious affected and is characterized by the presence of subchondral granulation tissue, which leads to cartilage erosion of the iliac and sacred cartilage. Subsequently, occurs the replacement of granulation tissue with regenerative fibro-cartilage, followed by the ossification of the joint; The joints of the spine: first, there is an inflammatory granulation tissue, located in the insertion of the fibrous ring of inter-vertebral disc, on the edge of inter-vertebral body. The edges of the vertebral body and the peripheral region of fiber ring will be eroded and then will calcify, creating the syndesmophyte; Anterior inter-vertebral ligament is suffering a process of inflammation, then will appear fibrosis and finally will be calcified; Peripheral joints (hip, shoulder, knee) are less interested; The eye is affected at 20% -35% of patients with the appearance of irides inflammation and iridocilities; The heart: aortic valve thickening and fibrosis of excito-conductive system; Renal damage, more rare, it is represented by nephropathy with immunoglobulin A

12. What Specific Focussed Questions May Help Clarify the Diagnosis? Do you suffer from diarrhoea or bloody diarrhoea? Has anyone in your family suffered from and inflammatory bowel disorder? Do you have limited movement of the lower back? Are you getting more out of breath too easily? What other joints, if any, are affected? Do you have a painful Achilles tendon? Is there a Hx of back pain associated with trauma? Is there a Hx of GI infections? Sexual Hx focussing on STI’s and unsafe sexual practices? Do you or your family have psoriasis, IBD, RA? CIGS?

13. What group of disorders is this man's diagnosis likely to fit into? Diseases belonging to the seronegative spondyloarthropathies' group include ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, enterohepatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis

14. Reactive Arthritis Reactive arthritis is a post infectious arthritis caused by Chlamydia, Yersinia, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella infections of the GI tract and STI’s causing asymmetric oligoarthritis, commonly affecting the knees but can cause lower back and buttock pain and arthritis of the upper extremities and small joints Ocular inflammation and uveitis is common

15. Reactive Arthritis Also causes enthesitis: pain in the plantar fascia, especially under the heel Dactylitis: swollen sausage shaped digits

16. Psoriatic Arthritis Distal arthritis, assymetric and symmetric oligo and polyarthritis, enthesitis and dactylitis Associated with skin and/or nail psoriasis with the severity of nail involvement reflects severity of joint involvement. In 13-17% the arthritis presents prior to skin lesions and in this case the presence of onycholysis, distal joint involvement with asymmetric distribution differentiates it from other forms. Ocular inflammation and uveitis is common

17. Enterohepatic Arthritis Associated with IBD (1 in 5 with UC or Crohns will develop this) Mainly affects peripheral limb joints and spondylarthropathy Ocular inflammation and uveitis is common

18. What is the incidence for this condition? - How does this compare to RA? Prevalence: – 0.1% to 1.4% depending on the population studied – 5% to 6% in HLA-B27–positive persons Ankylosing spondylitis is found to be the aetiology of chronic low back pain in 4% to 5% of patients RA Incidence: Women: 53/100,000 Men: 28/100,000 Incidence of RA increases from young adulthood to age 75 (14/100,000 to 104/100,000 in women and 4/100,000 to 72/100,000 in men) Although the incidence declined during the 1985-1994 period and previous intervals, it increased again in the 1995-2007 period Prevalence: – Women: 1% – Men: 0.4% Lifetime risk: – Women: 3.6% – Men: 1.7%

19. Is there relevance in the family history aspects of his story? An individual's risk of developing AS is increased 5.6- to 16-fold if there is a first degree relative with AS. This risk depends partly upon the presence of HLA-B27: 10 to 20 percent of HLA-B27 positive individuals with affected first degree relatives develop AS

20. What are the range of clinical symptoms and signs in these patients? The clinical features of AS can be divided into those that arise from: Spinal and sacroiliac involvement Hip and shoulder ("root" joint) involvement Costovertebral, manubriosternal, sternoclavicular, and costochondral inflammation Inflammation of extraspinal entheses Peripheral arthritis Other (extraarticular) organ involvement Low back pain 75% of patients present with this first. “Inflammatory back pain” is different to “mechanical back pain”. Inflammatory back pain improves with exercise but not with rest and occurs at night. Dyspnea due to involvement of the thoracic region causing decreased chest expansion Constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and low-grade fever Asymmetric tenderness, swelling, erythema, and decreased range of motion of one or more peripheral joints, usually large axial joints (hips and shoulders) and more commonly in the lower extremities

21. Why is diagnosis often delayed from presentation? AS is a disease of often insidious onset. The plain film radiologic diagnosis is somewhat observer-dependent. In addition, patients with milder disease and involvement of peripheral joints may have been misdiagnosed as seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. There are no formal diagnostic criteria for AS, but there are several sets of classification criteria that identify the features that are important in making the diagnosis.

22. What tests would you expect a rheumatologist to perform and what results would be confirmatory of your primary diagnosis? An assessment of the C-reactive protein (CRP) and determination of the presence or absence of HLA-B27, particularly among Caucasian patients, are very useful and should be carried out in all patients. A therapeutic trial of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) is very useful in the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthropathy (SpA). An abnormal appearing sacroiliac (SI) joint on plain radiographs is a hallmark of longstanding AS.

23. What are the treatment options for this condition? The goals of treatment are to reduce pain and stiffness, preserve or restore function, prevent damage and deformity, maintain posture, slow disease progression, and minimize the impact of extraspinal and extra-articular manifestations. NSAIDs should be prescribed as initial therapy to relieve the pain associated with ankylosing spondylitis A tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α inhibitor (eg, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab) should be prescribed for patients with axial disease that does not respond to NSAID therapy. Methotrexate has not been shown to be effective in clinical trials for either the axial or appendicular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. However, it can be considered as an alternative for patients with predominantly axial disease who either cannot obtain or cannot tolerate a TNF-α inhibitor. Local injections of a corticosteroid (eg, triamcinolone, methylprednisolone) into joints or entheses may be effective for symptomatic relief, but long-term use is associated with adverse effects.