2. 1914- 1918: The World at War 1914- 1918: The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Ms. Elizabeth King By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Ms. Elizabeth King

3. Causes of the War

4. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

5. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

6. Europe in 1914

7. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

8. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

9. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

10. The “Spark”

11. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

12. The Assassination: Sarajevo

13. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

14. Who’s To Blame?

15. The Schlieffen Plan

16. German Atrocities in Belgium

17. Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

18. Recruitment Posters

19. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

20. New French Recruits

21. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

23. Women and the War Effort

24. Financing the War

25. For Recruitment

26. Munitions Workers

27. Women at Work

28. French Women Factory Workers

29. German Women Factory Workers

30. Working in the Fields

31. A Woman Ambulance Driver

32. Red Cross Nurses

33. Posters: Wartime Propagand a

34. Australian Poster

35. American Poster

36. Anti-German Sentiment

37. Financing the War

38. German Poster

39. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

40. A Multi-Front War

41. The Western Front

42. Trench Warfare

43. “No Man’s Land”

44. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

45. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

46. War Is HELL !!

47. Sacrifices in War

48. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

49. The Eastern Front

50. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

51. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

52. The “Colonial” Fronts

53. Sikh British Soldiers in India

54. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

55. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

56. Russia’s Exit from WWI  Treaty of Brest Litovsk  Russia surrendered “early” in World War I because of enormous problems at home. – Cost of the war without adequate allied assistance. – Communist Revolution. – Need for political, economic, & social reforms.  This cost Russia a huge indemnity and a great loss of people & territory.

57. Americ a Joins the Allies

58. The Sinking of the Lusitania

59. The Zimmerman Telegram

60. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

61. Americans in the Trenches

62. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

63. French Renault Tank

64. British Tank at Ypres

65. U-Boats

66. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

67. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

68. French Fighter Plane

69. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

70. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

71. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

72. The Zeppelin

73. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

74. Poison Gas Machine Gun

75. Comparison of the Central and Allied Powers Advantages of the Central Powers  Central location facilitated coordination of resources.  Superior military technology: – Submarines; – Weapons; & – Airplanes. Advantages of the Allied Powers  More men  More resources  Superior naval power

76. “Art” of World War I

77. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

78. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

79. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

80. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

81. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

82. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

83. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

84. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

85. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

86. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

87. World War I Casualties

88. Treaty of Versailles The “Big Four” meet to decide the fate of Europe. David Lloyd George of England Vittorio Orlando of Italy Georges Clemenceau of France Woodrow Wilson of the United States

89. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points  Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace treaty with 14 main ideas – No secret alliances – Reduction of armaments – Readjustment of countries’ borders – League of Nations to assure mutual protection

90. The blame and the bill  Georges Clemenceau wanted Germany to be destroyed and weakened  Reparations: payment for damages from the war- $33 billion!  War Guilt Clause: Germany had to assume guilt for World War I

91. Versailles Treaty is signed in the hall of mirrors

93. Results  What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Versailles Treaty on Germany?  What steps could (and should) have been taken to prevent World War Two?  Do you agree with how the war was ended?