1. WARM UP Copy HW Please take out your Final Thoughts Make it page 10 and make sure your name is on it Please share your paragraph with a someone near you and provide them feedback

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How do societies stabilize in the face of adversity? What happens when there is no central government? What happens when different cultures interact with one another?

3. CASTLES

4. EARLY CASTLES ~1020 CE motte – raised mound of earth bailey – enclosed area keep – wooden or stone building The largest mottes in England are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man-days of work

5. PURPOSE OF A CASTLE defensive fortress centers of administration symbols of power protect the local people and important travel routes rural castles were near features that were important to life in the community, such as mills and fertile land

6. CASTLE CONSTRUCTION Materials: stone clay soil oak wood Process: 1.Quarrymen cut stone blocks from the ground 2.Horse and wagons haul the stone to the building site 3.Masons mix mortar and build the wall Medieval Stone Masons

7. ROOMS IN A CASTLE kitchen - kitchen buttery - refrigerator bottlery – wine cellar pantry - storeroom great hall – dining room chapel - church sleeping chambers - bedroom solar – living room wardrobe – closet/safe throne room - office garderobe - toilet dungeon – jail stables - garage

8. DEFENSIVE FEATURES barbican - thin, enclosed passageway; part of a gatehouse drawbridge – a wooden bridge across a moat that can be retracted moat – water surrounding a castle to slow attackers; prevented tunnels ramparts – steep banks that protected the castle curtain walls – surrounded the castle towers – tall parts of the walls that give extra strength to walls; good view portcullis – gate that slides down during attack parapet – walkway along the top of the wall crenellations – toothed sections at the top of the wall arrow loop – slits in the wall to shoot arrows from murder holes - holes in passageways used to drop things on attackers

9. drawbridge barbican rampart moat

10. tower parapet portcullis crenellations

11. curtain wall arrow loop murder holes

12. CLOSURE CLOSURE WHAT ARE THREE REASONS FOR SPENDING SO MUCH TIME AND ENERGY BUILDING A CASTLE? Protection for the kingdoms Status symbols for the monarchs Centers for trade