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 Persuasion and Propaganda. Persuasion  The attempt to convince others to do something or to change a personal conviction or belief of their own free.

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Presentation on theme: " Persuasion and Propaganda. Persuasion  The attempt to convince others to do something or to change a personal conviction or belief of their own free."— Presentation transcript:

1  Persuasion and Propaganda

2 Persuasion  The attempt to convince others to do something or to change a personal conviction or belief of their own free will.

3 Propaganda  A particular form of persuasion that tries to convince people to accept an idea or belief without thinking for themselves.  Speakers who use propaganda techniques try to get their listeners to think automatically.

4 Persuasive Techniques: Personal Experience  The writer relates his or her own experience to develop and gain support for his or her ideas.  A cancer patient relates his/her own experience with using marijuana to relieve pain in order to support his/her idea that marijuana use should be legalized for medicinal purposes.  The reader needs to analyze whether the writer’s personal experiences show that the writer really has an understanding of the issues and that his/her experiences have some universal significance.

5 Persuasive Techniques: Comparison  The writer compares the issues at hand with issues from a similar situation to serve as a model.  The reader needs to be sure that the comparison is a sound one and that the situations are indeed parallel and not different in critical ways that would make the comparison invalid.

6 Persuasive Techniques: Factual Evidence and Statistics  The writer provides many facts and examples that can be proven or verified to support the argument.  The reader needs to be sure that two conditions occur—one, the facts are accurate; two, the facts are plentiful enough to be convincing.  This information comes from research.

7 Persuasive Techniques: Authority Support  The writer should support views with the support of an authority who is respected in the field and has the qualifications of education, training, and experience to voice an opinion on the subject based on knowledge.  The reader needs to ask whether the authority has the proper qualifications to voice an opinion on the subject.  For example, the former head of the UN may have a much more respected opinion on international affairs than does a super model who has traveled abroad for different photo shoots.

8 Propaganda Techniques: Bandwagon  This technique encourages people to act because “everyone else is doing it.”  People don’t want to be left out, so they “join the crowd” or “jump on the band wagon.”  Instead of buying a product because everyone else uses it or voting for a candidate because everyone else is, you should ask why the product is worth buying or why the candidate deserves your support.

9 Propaganda Techniques: Loaded Language  The speaker uses words with strong connotations, words that evoke very strong positive or negative attitudes toward a particular person or group.  This technique is commonly used in combination with others.

10 Propaganda Techniques: Plain Folk  In politics, the candidate will try to appeal to voters by appearing to be just an average guy who can understand the problems of the “people” because he is one of them.  A candidate tires to appear “down to earth” by attending picnics, kissing babies, visiting the elderly, shaking hands with the farmer, etc.  Visual ads also capitalize on this technique by depicting the candidate with his wife and kids or hugging a dog.

11 Propaganda Techniques: Guilt By Association  A candidate sets up a false and negative relationship between his opponent and another person or group.  For example, if a candidate’s family member or staff member is guilty of some inappropriate or illegal act, the opponents might try to label the candidate himself as guilty simply because of his relationship with those who are guilty.

12 Propaganda Techniques: Card Stacking/Half Truths  This technique involves using only partial information so as to leave an inaccurate impression, positive or negative depending on what the speaker wants to emphasize.  Often, card stacking presents statistical information unfairly, manipulating or juggling figures to present a misleading picture.

13 Propaganda Techniques: Name Calling  This is a form of labeling designed to show that a particular person or group is inferior or bad without providing any evidence to support that claim.  For example, a speaker might ask you to vote against a person because the person is a “bleeding heart liberal” or “bible-thumping conservative.”

14 Propaganda Techniques: Glittering Generalities  The opposite of name calling, this technique associates a person or idea with “virtue words” or ideas (such as truth, freedom, honor, the American way, democracy, family values, etc.)  Employing vague and meaningless virtue words, glittering generalities skirt the real issues and leave the audience impressed emotionally and, therefore, more susceptible to the next sales pitch.  For example, “The greatest advocate of family values this century.”

15 Propaganda Techniques: Patriotic Appeal  This technique is sometimes considered a type of glittering generality but is so common in political campaigns that it deserves its own place on our list.  This appeal relies on words or phrases that we associate with patriotism and often involves symbols such as the American flag, the eagle, red- white-and-blue.

16 Propaganda Techniques: Finger Pointing  This technique uses fear (usually of an enemy) although it can be a political opponent, sickness, or any other threat.  Scapegoating is a powerful subset of this that blames many problems upon one person, group, race, religion, etc.

17 Propaganda Techniques: Emotional Appeals  This technique involves using words, events, or stories to stir up extreme degrees of feelings in the listener, usually fear, anger or pity.  For example, a candidate might tell moving stories of children who have died for lack of good health care.  While most speakers use emotional appeals, these approaches become propaganda when their use is so extensive that logic or reason is ignored.


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