1. University of Palestine Industrial Engineering Department Materials And Construction Technology Chapter (2) Blocks And Stone works

2. Chapter(2) Blocks And Stone works Concrete Blocks works Concrete Blocks works Blocks Types Blocks Types Stone blocks Stone blocks The Polystyrene Blocks The Polystyrene Blocks Etong block Etong block Solid blocks Solid blocks Hollow blocks Hollow blocks Glassy blocks Glassy blocks Heating blocks Heating blocks Blocks Testing Blocks Testing

3. Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works Generally, the blocks used shall be of local manufacture made with cement and sand in approved vibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to be used for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be chemically and structurally stable and shall comply with the Table of Gratings given here under. The cement, fine aggregate and water to be used for blocks shall comply with the requirements given under Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring and mixing the materials shall be the same. Generally, the blocks used shall be of local manufacture made with cement and sand in approved vibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to be used for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be chemically and structurally stable and shall comply with the Table of Gratings given here under. The cement, fine aggregate and water to be used for blocks shall comply with the requirements given under Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring and mixing the materials shall be the same.

4. Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works 15-20%8-10%30-35%40-45%

5. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Stone block Stone block Stone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocks Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as: Thermal isolator Thermal isolator Sound isolator Sound isolator Fine look. Fine look. The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3

6. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Polystyrene General Properties: Polystyrene General Properties: Physical Properties: Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particles Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particles Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particles water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particles Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form 20 -30 Kg per m3. Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form 20 -30 Kg per m3. Compaction: it’s a semi compacted material lies between hardness and softness. Compaction: it’s a semi compacted material lies between hardness and softness. Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition, however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporation Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition, however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporation Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store air with its cell Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store air with its cell Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength

7. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Polystyrene General Properties: Polystyrene General Properties: Chemical Properties: Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, despite at that, it could be damage with it expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather. Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, despite at that, it could be damage with it expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather. Biological Properties: Biological change has no effect Polystyrene Biological change has no effect Polystyrene

8. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Polystyrene advantages and Disadvantages: Polystyrene advantages and Disadvantages: Polystyrene Advantages: Polystyrene Advantages: Very good noise and heat isolator Very good noise and heat isolator Light weight material Light weight material Normal temperature has no effect on it Normal temperature has no effect on it Polystyrene Disadvantages: It high cost, comparing to other building material It high cost, comparing to other building material It could be affected be sun and climate change It could be affected be sun and climate change Required specially technical skill to handle Required specially technical skill to handle

9. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Application: To be use as isolating material, both for heat and noise To be use as isolating material, both for heat and noise To reduce the dead load of the building To reduce the dead load of the building To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction To be used filling and backing material To be used filling and backing material To be use at agriculture (Green houses ) To be use at agriculture (Green houses )

10. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Etong block: Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which is made from effective cement material besides to fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to the required dimension. Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which is made from effective cement material besides to fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to the required dimension. The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60×50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm. The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60×50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm. Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is (450-480)kg/m3 Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is (450-480)kg/m3

11. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Etong advantages and Disadvantages: Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during casting No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during casting Easy to supply the water network and electric network Easy to supply the water network and electric network Time saving where square meter from ordinary block need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks Time saving where square meter from ordinary block need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur Fire resistance and noise isolation Fire resistance and noise isolation

12. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Solid blocks: Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little because Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little because Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads High cost and high manufacturing cast High cost and high manufacturing cast Bad isolation for moisture Bad isolation for moisture

13. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Hollow blocks: According to the used aggregate there are two type of hollow blocks: According to the used aggregate there are two type of hollow blocks: Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by using the ordinary aggregate in special size Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by using the ordinary aggregate in special size Light blocks Light blocks light blocks are made of light concrete by using the light aggregate light blocks are made of light concrete by using the light aggregate the main slandered commercial dimension for the type of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing the main slandered commercial dimension for the type of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing

14. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Weight (Kg( Dimension (cm( Type 16 15×20×40 Ordinary blocks 20 20×20×40 15 14×25×40 17 17×25×40 20 25×20×40 7 25×14×40 light blocks 8 25×17×40 10 25×20×40

15. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Glassy blocks: This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness. This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness. It is difficult to built by skilled labors It is difficult to built by skilled labors The plastering material which used in built it is quartz mixed with a white cement The plastering material which used in built it is quartz mixed with a white cement

16. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Heating blocks: The row material used in this type is clay The row material used in this type is clay It has a red color It has a red color Used in a ovens and stove Used in a ovens and stove

17. Blocks And Stone works Blocks Testing Blocks Testing Testing shall be carried at a random samples taken from the material arrived in sites Physical testing: This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape Block to be approved should have: Block to be approved should have: homogenous color homogenous color homogenous Touch homogenous Touch regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length and width and a (F4mm )for high regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length and width and a (F4mm )for high

18. Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works lab tests: 1. space weight test space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example: space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example: block 20 or 15 its weight must not block 20 or 15 its weight must not exceed 1400 kg/m3. exceed 1400 kg/m3. block 7, 10 and 12 its weight must not block 7, 10 and 12 its weight must not exceed 1650 kg/m3. exceed 1650 kg/m3. So for block 20 weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg. weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg. Where 1400 is the maximum space weight And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3

19. Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works lab tests: 1. bearing capacity: The average compressive strength of solid blocks shall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength. The average compressive strength of solid blocks shall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength. The average compressive strength of hollow blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength. The average compressive strength of hollow blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of gross area at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimum crushing strength of individual block is not less than 85% of required strength.

20. Block shall be made in a vibrated pressure machines and shall be in general. manufactured form cement, aggregate and water the minimum cement content shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fine aggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate. Block shall be made in a vibrated pressure machines and shall be in general. manufactured form cement, aggregate and water the minimum cement content shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fine aggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate. Block shall be hard sound square and clean Block shall be hard sound square and clean Blocks for wall shall be (40cm ±3mm) long and (20cm ±3mm) high., the tolerance in thickness shall be ( ±1mm) Blocks for wall shall be (40cm ±3mm) long and (20cm ±3mm) high., the tolerance in thickness shall be ( ±1mm)