1. Creating employment for rural youth and women Youth, decent employment and CAADP 24 th CTA Brussels Rural Development Briefing - 14 September 2011 Major drivers for rural transformation in Africa: Job creation for rural growth Peter Wobst, Senior Economist Economic and Social Development Department

2. Acquisition of skills & bargaining power Acquisition of skills & bargaining power Reduced child labour Reduced child labour Managed migration Managed migration Rural employment creation Rural employment creation Poverty reduction & social integration Income generation More skilled & productive workforce Food production Empowerment Food security Better health Purchasing power Rural employment, poverty reduction & food security MDG 1 Targets 1.A Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day 1.B Achieving full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people” 1.C Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

3. Poverty among working youth in Africa Typical African youth Poor – rural – little education – (female) little job opportunities Typical African youth Poor – rural – little education – (female) little job opportunities On average 72% of the youth population in SSA live on less than US$ 2 a day 40% of the total unemployed in SSA are youth 70% of the African youth population is lives in rural areas 70% of the African youth population is lives in rural areas Source: World Bank 2008/09 Africa Development Indicators

4. Region Youth population (%, aged 15- 24) Unemployment rate (%) Youth unemployment rate (%) Adults unemployment rate (%) Labour force participation rate (%) Youth labour force participation (%) Adults labour force participation (%) Latin America & the Caribbean 17.97.715.75.765.652.770.0 North Africa20.09.923.46.251.536.657.9 South-East Asia & Pac. 18.35.213.93.169.552.375.4 South Asia19.7*4.49.92.861.748.167.2 SSA20.37.912.16.370.855.579.1 World17.66.312.84.865.351.169.8 Relevance of rural employment: Youth & adults Sources: ILO, 2010 ; UN-DESA, 2008 * South and Central Asia

5. Relevance of youth employment in SSA Source: Adopted from World Bank Rural Structures Programme (2010)

6. Employment challenges for rural youth & women Youth & women face common challenges  Work is often temporary and insecure, under informal contracts  Lack of access to & control over productive resources (e.g. land & capital)  No collateral  Low education & inadequate skills (e.g. production & business)  Globalization (e.g. uncertainties, variability in prices) Challenges for rural youth  Generational gap (e.g. transfer of indigenous farming knowledge)  No employment history and/or low work experience  Discriminations often result into higher unemployment rates for young women Additional challenges for rural women  Often disregarded in labour rights, security benefits (i.e. social protection)  Hold a lower employment status in agriculture  Girls face more disadvantages in accessing education

7. Importance of addressing gender in rural employment  Productivity gains  20 - 30% on women’s farms  2.5 - 4% at national level  Food security gains  12 - 17% reduction in number of hungry  100 - 150 million people lifted out of hunger Gains from closing the gender gap in agriculture  Broader economic and social gains  Higher human capital, which promotes socio-economic growth FAO/ILO/IFAD: Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: Differentiated pathways out of poverty FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development

8. FAO’s work on rural employment (RE) for youth What Why How FAO has a key role in supporting decent employment for rural youth:  Facilitate youth-friendly training for employment creation  Support Youth Farmers’ Associations (YFAs) Rural youth need adequate support & access to resources allowing young women & men to...  reach their full potential and  become active partners in the achievement of economic & social goals Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the rural economy and the provision of farm and non-farm employment opportunities can contribute to economic growth and food security Through Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS) FAO facilitates the education & training of youth for employment creation and enterprise development in rural areas

9. 4 Pillars of Decent Work  Employment & enterprise dev.  Standards & rights at work  Social protection  Governance & social dialogue 4 Pillars of Decent Work  Employment & enterprise dev.  Standards & rights at work  Social protection  Governance & social dialogue FAO’s strategic country intervention on RE Knowledge generation Knowledge generation Policy advice Strat. options Policy advice Strat. options Technical support Technical support Advocacy Partnerships Rural Employment Sub-themes  Youth employment creation  Child labour prevention & elimination  Rural-urban linkages Rural Employment Sub-themes  Youth employment creation  Child labour prevention & elimination  Rural-urban linkages  Guidance materials for mainstreaming RE&DW in policies & programmes  Rural youth employment  Gender dimensions  Rural-urban linkages  RE&DW tech. support  JFFLS implementation-YFA  With ILO, UNIDO, etc.  IPCCA - Child labour  UNJPs  Raise awareness on inequalities in RE  Promote employ. training Country capacity developed: Individuals, organizations & enabling environment Country capacity developed: Individuals, organizations & enabling environment Strategies, policies & progr’s effectively address RE&DW Achievement of MDG 1 & FAO’s Global Goals  Eliminate poverty  Increase food security  Full & prod. employment & DW for all Achievement of MDG 1 & FAO’s Global Goals  Eliminate poverty  Increase food security  Full & prod. employment & DW for all Strengthening the enabling environment to address rural issues in national strategies, policies and programmes

10. National growth & development strategy CPF (FAO)  UNDAF/UNDAP  DWCP (ILO) RCM Cluster on AFSRD and sub-cluster on Employment and Labour RCM Cluster on AFSRD and sub-cluster on Employment and Labour Decent Work Country Programme Social Protection Floor Global Jobs Pact Decent Work Agenda  Employment creation  Rights & standards  Social protection  Social dialogue Decent Work Agenda  Employment creation  Rights & standards  Social protection  Social dialogue Joint ILO-FAO country approach CAADP implementation process ILO MoA MoL FAO CS

11. FAO and ILO working together to address RE&DW Strategic partnership through MoU (2004):  Improving & diversifying rural livelihoods  Broadening opportunities for decent work in rural employment  Supporting productive employment as a means out of poverty Strategic partnership through MoU (2004):  Improving & diversifying rural livelihoods  Broadening opportunities for decent work in rural employment  Supporting productive employment as a means out of poverty Joint activities combine capacities of ILO & FAO:  International Partnership for Cooperation on Child Labour in Agriculture (IPCCLA)  FAO partnership with ILO- Africa  Joint implementation of activities at country level (e.g. UNJPs on youth employment)  Increased synergies in country programming (e.g. between CPFs & DWCPs) Joint activities combine capacities of ILO & FAO:  International Partnership for Cooperation on Child Labour in Agriculture (IPCCLA)  FAO partnership with ILO- Africa  Joint implementation of activities at country level (e.g. UNJPs on youth employment)  Increased synergies in country programming (e.g. between CPFs & DWCPs) FAO & ILO share the commitment to support people-centred, sustainable development and fair & inclusive globalization Joint FAO-ILO website at www.fao-ilo.org

12. FAO-ILO4NEPAD FAO and ILO support NEPAD & the CAADP process to strengthen the capacities of partner institutions in participating countries African Union NEPAD CAADP Rural Futures Prog. AU Summit Accelerating Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development 7 th CAADP-PP Rural Employment in Africa with Focus on Women & Youth  Youth employment priority  New Thinking & Action for Development - Integrating Youth to Support Rural Transformation Youth & Employment in African Agriculture NPCA-ILO Collaboration Strategic Briefing 2009-19: Decade of youth dev. in Africa

13. Compact signing AIP formulation AIP technical review Business meeting Financing & Implementing Coherence & scope Programme definition Results framework Priority setting Fin. & econ. analysis Implemen- tation Policy implications Stocktaking to validate & modify current plans to better address RE Ensure that outstanding policy issues on RE&DW are recognized & addressed Stocktaking to validate & modify current plans to better address RE Ensure that outstanding policy issues on RE&DW are recognized & addressed Ensure that investment plans are consistent with agricultural sector growth targets (incl. employment targets) Ensure that rural target groups (including youth & women) are given priority in AIPs Assess the capacity of main institutions to address RE&DW Rural employment and CAADP

14. Approaches for youth employment creation  ILO  Start Your Business (SYB)  Start and Improve Your Business (SIYB)  FAO  Farmer Field Schools (FFS)  Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools (JFFLS)  UNIDO  Salima Agricultural Technology Trainings (SATECH)  IFAD-UNIDO-FAO  African Agro-business and agro-industries initiative (3ADI)  Civil Society  The Songhai model Potential multi-stakeholder approaches for youth employment creation suitable under the Rural Futures Initiative

15. ILO – Start Your Business (SYB) SYB  a system of inter-related training packages and supporting materials for small-scale entrepreneurs in developing and transition economies SYB training is designed to assist potential entrepreneurs to:  Draft a marketing strategy;  Plan their staff needs;  Cost their goods and services;  Decide about the legal form of their business;  Get a clear idea about the licenses and permits needed;  Assess the environmental impact of their planned business; and  Forecast their finances. The SYB trainings have been implemented in over 90 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. SYB training is equally suitable for men and women in rural and urban areas, both young and old.

16. FAO – Farmer Field Schools (FFS) FFS  is a group-based learning process adopted by governments, NGOs and international agencies to promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The first FFS were designed and managed by FAO in 1989 since then more than 2,000,000 farmers globally have participated in this type of learning. FFS brings together concepts and methods from: agro ecology, experiential education community development. FFS brings together concepts and methods from: agro ecology, experiential education community development. Core principle of FFS & JFFLS is Agro-eco system analysis (AESA ) Analysis Presentation Synthesis / Discussion Observation

17. Rural Futures and JFFLS Agriculture & its linkages Ecosystems & their services Development regime & priorities Governance & democratisation Global markets & investments National and regional setting & priorities Globalisation & structural change Rural economy & national development Climate change & priorities Local needs & interests Human wellbeing & environment Providing entrepreneurship, business & marketing skills Facilitating access to credit Promoting G.A.P. & environmental awareness Developing life skills (self esteem, decision- making skills) Enhancing agro- skills: field prep., planting, IPM, harvesting, irrigation Promoting Youth Farmers’ Associations 1. Rethinking the rural sector 2. Framing a rural agenda 3. Moving into action Adapting curricula to local needs & contexts Entrenching JFFLS into national employment programmes Strengthening involved institutions’ capacities Collaborating with central & local authorities Developing an integrated learning methodology (agr.&life skills) Understanding ecosystems (AESA) 4. Mobilizing support Aligning to national priorities & promoting national ownership Rights awareness

18. Institutionalization of JFFLS in Tanzania  FAO aims at national ownership / scaling-up of JFFLS by incorporating it into national youth employment strategies & programmes  Recent JFFLS methodology training (June 2011):  30 cooperatives were trained by FAO (both Mainland & Zanzibar)  MoL, MoA, MoT & TCF & CUZA focal points included  Strengthens institutions’ capacities to allow a comprehensive inclusion of youth in various agro-value chains selected (cashew, horticulture, seaweed, etc.)  In Tanzania, FAO works with rural institutions - the Tanzania Federation of Cooperatives (TFC) and the Cooperative Union of Zanzibar (CUZA) - to include young women and men in the rural employment sector Incentives negotiated by FAO & provided by the TFC & CUZA Incentives given to cooperatives that include youth as active members Youth inclusion in the rural employment sector, encourages their participation & motivation

19. JFFLS to date Since 2004, JFFLS have been initiated in 16 countries & some 20,000 youths (50:50) have graduated from the schools. The programme aims at: -Reducing youth unemployment, child labour & school dropout rates through relevant education -Youth employment creation & enterprise development -Integration & participation in (modern) value chains -Tackling gender inequalities through gender-sensitive skills training -Reducing distress rural out-migration through psycho- social support, nutrition, agr. & life skills Since 2004, JFFLS have been initiated in 16 countries & some 20,000 youths (50:50) have graduated from the schools. The programme aims at: -Reducing youth unemployment, child labour & school dropout rates through relevant education -Youth employment creation & enterprise development -Integration & participation in (modern) value chains -Tackling gender inequalities through gender-sensitive skills training -Reducing distress rural out-migration through psycho- social support, nutrition, agr. & life skills Partnerships & alliances Programme support & advisory services Capacity development Policy advice

20. Key messages  Youth employment in rural areas is an enormous challenge  Productive employment creation for young women and men in rural areas is crucial for achieving MDG 1and feed the world in 2050  Innovative approaches such as JFFLS contribute to youth employment creation & entrepreneurship development in rural areas  National ownership and strategic partnerships are crucial for successful implementation and long-term sustainability Thank you ! Contact: www.fao-ilo.org / peter.wobst@fao.org