1. Drugs: Analysis

2. Summary  Analysis of Chemical Drugs  Instrumental Examination  Botanical Examination

3. Chemical Examination White Powder or Pills What are they?

4. 3 steps in processing unknown chemicals:  Screening step  Sample preparation step  Confirmatory test Drugs > Chemical Exam

5. Color Test  Small amount of chemical in spot plate  Drop of color changing reagent added  Color change noted Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

6. Color Test  Several tests done at same time.  Adulterants or diluents may affect color Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

7. Microcrystal Test  Small amount of sample dissolved in solution.  Test reagent added; contains another chemical that reacts with drug.  Insoluble crystal formed. Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

8. Microcrystal Test  Shape of crystal suggests type of drug.  Impurities may cause unusual crystal formation. Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

9. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)  Dot of drug placed at bottom of paper or thin silica plate  Bottom dipped in solvent; solvent diffuses up plate  Solvent carries drug up paper; distance depends on drug Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

10.  Different solvents result in different distances  Some systems include color change components Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

11. UV Spectroscopy  Sample dissolved in liquid; placed in cuvette.  A range of UV light wavelengths are passed through solution.  Some light will pass through; some light will be absorbed Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

12. UV Spectroscopy Different drugs create a different pattern Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

13. Gas Chromatography Similar to TLC; different chemicals will move at different rates through a capillary. Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

14. Gas Chromatography The time it takes to pass through the capillary gives an indication of which drug it is. Drugs > Chemical Exam > Screening

15. Botanical Examination With botanical evidence, additional steps can be added to the screening process.

16. Marijuana  Macroscopic Exam: Leaf and stem structure  Microscopic Exam: Tiny hairs on leaf surface Drugs > Botanical Exam

17. Marijuana (Resin ID) Color test: Tests for chemical THC TLC: Tests for chemical THC Drugs > Botanical Exam

18. Peyote Macroscopic Exam: Look for cotton-like tufts Test for alkaloids: TLC & Gas chromatography Confirming mescaline not necessary Drugs > Botanical Exam

19. Mushrooms Macroscopic Exam: Can identify mushrooms that contain psilocybin Screen for psilocybin: Color test, TLC, and UV spectroscopy Confirmed with MS and IR spec (later slides) Drugs > Botanical Exam

20. Screening Summary  All screening tests give an indication of what the drug is.  Since some drugs behave alike during screening tests, confirmation of the drug type is needed. Drugs

21. Sample Preparation  In many cases, the identity of the drug must be confirmed for prosecution.  Before identification, it must be separated from other chemicals in the mixture Drugs

22. Sample Preparation (Separation) 1. Physical Separation: particles are separated based on microscopic appearance. 2. Dry Wash or Dry Extraction Dry Wash: Liquid dissolves adulterants; solid drug left behind Dry Extraction: Liquid dissolves drug; solid adulterants left behind Drugs > Sample Preparation

23. Sample Preparation (Separation) 3. Liquid/Liquid Extraction:  Entire sample dissolved in aqueous (water) liquid  Organic liquid (oil-like) mixed with solution  Organic liquid removes adulterants  Sample remains in aqueous layer Drugs > Sample Preparation

24. Confirmation Techniques Confirmation identifies the specific type of drug. Heroin?

25. Mass Spectroscopy  MS will smash a molecule into pieces and measure the mass of the pieces.  Every drug will break in a unique way, creating a unique amount of pieces. Drugs > Confirmation

26. Mass Spectroscopy Drugs > Confirmation

27. Infrared Spectroscopy  Similar to UV spectroscopy, except a range of infrared light wavelengths are passed through a sample.  Some light passes through; some light is absorbed. Drugs > Confirmation

28. Infrared Spectroscopy  Different drugs = different patterns  Pattern is specific to one drug Drugs > Confirmation