1. Bacterial Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) Katie Huber BIOL 62 Image: CDC

2. Bacterial pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection www.entmags.org

3. Bacterial pneumonia is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical exam, lab tests, or a chest x-ray patienteducationcenter.org

4. – Over 90 serotypes Source: chori.org; The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases Bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

5. Bacteria are spread by infected people or asymptomatic carriers through coughing/sneezing theeffectsofpovertyonhealth.weebly.com

6. Antibiotics are the most effective treatment Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones ukpharmacistonline.com Beta-lactams Macrolides afprd.org tevagenerics.com

7. webpages.charter.net Drug resistant S. pneumoniae (DRSP) started to be seen in the 1960s and is now prevalent worldwide

8. Boundless.com Resistance genes are usually acquired via transformation

9. Lower respiratory infections were the leading cause of death in low- income countries in 2012, and 99% of child pneumonia deaths occur in those countries.

10. WHO Incidence of childhood clinical pneumonia at the country level Global healthcare inequality is a major problem

11. Adequate nutrition and a healthy environment reduce the incidence of disease and complications medicalxpress.com ariatlas.org

12. Vaccination is the most effective type of prevention

13. The current polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protects against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria but does not induce effective immune response in children younger than 2 years old uspharmacist.com

14. The conjugate vaccine (PCV13) works in younger children and older adults uspharmacist.com drugtopics.modernmedicine.com

15. The Integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) aims to reduce deaths from pneumonia to < 3 children/1000 live births by 2025

16. Recent Study involving S. pneumoniae September 18, 2014 – researchers discover why bacterial pneumonia can increase risk of heart problems – Bacteria invade and kill heart cells – Microlesions caused by pneumolysin Image source: Science Daily/Dr. Carlos Oriheula, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio

17. Works Cited AlonsoDeVelasco, E., Alexander F. M. Verheul, J. Verhoef, and H. Snippe. "Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Virulence Factors, Pathogenesis, and Vaccines." Microbiological Reviews 59.4 (1995): 591-603. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC239389/pdf/590591.pdf.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC239389/pdf/590591.pdf "Bacterial Pneumonia: How Is It Treated?" AIDSmeds. Smart + Strong, 09 June 2009. Web. 09 Nov. 2014. http://www.aidsmeds.com/articles/BacterialPneumonia_6705.shtml. http://www.aidsmeds.com/articles/BacterialPneumonia_6705.shtml Brown, Armand O., et. al. "Streptococcus Pneumoniae Translocates into the Myocardium and Forms Unique Microlesions That Disrupt Cardiac Function." PLOS Pathogens. PLOS, 18 Sept. 2014. Web. 09 Nov. 2014. http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1004383.http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1004383 Campbell, G. Douglas, Jr., and Ronald Silberman. "Drug-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae." Clinical Infectious Diseases 26.5 (1998): 1188-195. Drug-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/5/1188.full.pdf html.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/5/1188.full.pdf html "GAPPD: Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025." WHO. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. http://www.who.int/woman_child_accountability/news/gappd_2013/en/. http://www.who.int/woman_child_accountability/news/gappd_2013/en/ "Learn about Pneumonia: Facts, Figures and What You Can Do." World Pneumonia Day. World Pneumonia Day, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. http://worldpneumoniaday.org/learn/. http://worldpneumoniaday.org/learn/ "Pneumococcal Vaccination." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Sept. 2014. Web. 03 Nov. 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/pneumo/default.htm?s_cid=cs_797. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/pneumo/default.htm?s_cid=cs_797 "Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV13 and PPSV23)." Ask the Experts: Diseases & Vaccines. Immunization Action Coalition, 31 July 2014. Web. 03 Nov. 2014. http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_pneumococcal_vaccines.asp. http://www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_pneumococcal_vaccines.asp "Pneumonia." WHO. World Health Organization, Nov. 2013. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/ Schiffman, George, MD. "Bacterial Pneumonia." EMedicineHealth. WebMD, Inc., n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2014. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bacterial_pneumonia/article_em.htm. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bacterial_pneumonia/article_em.htm Schrag, Stephanie J., Bernard Beall, and Scott Dowell. "Resistant Pneumococcal Infections." (2001): n. pag. World Health Organization. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/technicalguidance/en/resistantinfection.pdf. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/technicalguidance/en/resistantinfection.pdf "Scientists Spot How Bacterial Pneumonia Damages the Heart." Consumer HealthDay. HealthDay, 19 Sept. 2014. Web. 04 Nov. 2014. http://consumer.healthday.com/cardiovascular-health-information-20/heart-attack-management-and-prevention-news-365/scientists-spot-how-bacterial-pneumonia- damages-the-heart-691911.html. http://consumer.healthday.com/cardiovascular-health-information-20/heart-attack-management-and-prevention-news-365/scientists-spot-how-bacterial-pneumonia- damages-the-heart-691911.html Tomasz, Alexander, Ph.D., ed. Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Molecular Biology & Mechanisms of Disease. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, 2000. Print.