1. Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c. 1900 to the Present *The Notes are Straight from the AP Board (not the articles:} )

2. Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment Rapid advances in science altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to the development of new technologies. These changes enabled unprecedented population growth, which altered how humans interacted with the environment and threatened delicate ecological balances at local, regional, and global levels. I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology. A. New modes of communication and transportation virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance. Examples of migrant ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, North America Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia Example of the regulation of Immigrants: The White Australia Policy B. New scientific paradigms transformed human understanding of the world. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity C. The Green Revolution produced food for the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture. D. Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive. E. Energy technologies including the use of oil and nuclear power raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.

3. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity “In the early 1900s, scientists held firm to the Newtonian view of the world. Then a German-born physicist by the name of Albert Einstein came along and changed everything. In 1905, Einstein published his theory of special relativity, which put forth a startling idea: Everything, even time, is relative. Two important principles underpinned his theory. The first stated that the same laws of physics apply equally in all constantly moving frames of reference. The second said that the speed of light -- 186,000 miles per second - is constant and independent of the observer's motion or the source of light. According to Einstein, if Superman were to chase a light beam at half the speed of light, the beam would continue to move away from him at exactly the same speed. These concepts seem deceptively simple, but they have some mind-bending implications. One of the biggest is represented by Einstein's famous equation, E = mc², where E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light; mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other… the energy an object has due to its motion will increase its mass. In other words, the faster an object moves, the greater its mass.

4. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Continued… This only becomes noticeable when an object moves really quickly. If it moves at 10 percent the speed of light, for example, its mass will only be 0.5 percent more than normal. But if it moves at 90 percent the speed of light, its mass will double. As an object approaches the speed of light, its mass rises precipitously. If an object tries to travel 186,000 miles per second, its mass becomes infinite, and so does the energy required to move it. For this reason, no normal object can travel as fast or faster than the speed of light… "What if you traveled almost as fast as the speed of light?" In that case, you would experience some interesting effects. One famous result is something physicists call time dilation, which describes how time runs more slowly for objects moving very rapidly. If you flew on a rocket traveling 90 percent of light-speed, the passage of time for you would be halved. Your watch would advance only 10 minutes, while more than 20 minutes would pass for an Earthbound observer...” http://science.howstuffworks.com

5. Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted that the space-time around Earth would be not only warped but also twisted by the planet's rotation. Gravity Probe B showed this to be correct. Credit: NASA

6. The Polio Vaccination On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announced on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio. Polio is a disease that attacks the nervous system and can cause varying degrees of paralysis. Since the virus is easily transmitted, epidemics were commonplace. Treatments in the early 20 th century were limited to quarantines and the infamous "iron lung," a metal coffin-like contraption that aided respiration. Although children, were among the worst affected, adults were also often afflicted, including future president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who in 1921 was stricken with polio at the age of 39 and was left partially paralyzed. In 1954, clinical trials using the Salk vaccine and a placebo began on nearly two million American schoolchildren. In April 1955, it was announced that the vaccine was effective and safe, and a nationwide inoculation campaign began. New polio cases dropped to under 6,000 in 1957, the first year after the vaccine was widely available. In 1962, an oral vaccine developed by Polish-American researcher Albert Sabin became available. Today, there are just a handful of polio cases in the United States every year, and most of these are "imported" by Americans from developing nations where polio is still a problem. www.history.com

7. Polio Continued… Dr. Jonas Salk Bobby Hill, three months old, is the youngest polio victim ever treated in an Iron Lung at Cincinnati General Hospital. (1954)

8. Key Concept 6.1 Continued… II. As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment. A. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more intensely than ever before in human history. B. Global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere. C. Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water and clean air. Deforestation and desertification were continuing consequences of the human impact on the environment. Rates of extinction of other species accelerated sharply. III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts. A. Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival. In addition, changing lifestyles and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases. B. More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and transformed sexual practices. C. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime casualties. [i.e. trench warfare, the nuclear bomb] Examples of Wartime Casualties: Nanjing, the Holocaust, Hiroshima & Nagasaki

9. Disease Associated with Poverty: Malaria Malaria infects approximately 219 million people each year, with an estimated 660,00 deaths, mostly children in Africa. 90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa, where malaria accounts for about one in six of all childhood deaths. The disease also contributes greatly to anemia among children — a major cause of poor growth and development. Malaria infection during pregnancy is associated with severe anemia and low birth weight among newborns. Malaria has serious economic impacts in Africa, slowing economic growth and development and perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty. Malaria worsens HIV by increasing viral load in adults and pregnant women; possibly accelerating progression to AIDS; and potentially increasing the risk of HIV transmission between adults, and between a mother and her child. Malaria is both preventable and treatable! Sleeping under insecticide treated nets can reduce overall child mortality by 20%. Prompt access to effective treatment can further reduce deaths. Malaria mortality rates, which take into account population growth, are estimated to have decreased by 45% globally across all age groups between 2000 and 2012. http://www.unicef.org/health/index_malaria.html

10. Malaria Continued… 2 infected children, Congo, 2010 UNICEF sponsored mosquito nets 5 month old Julia, Mozambique, date unknown

11. Emergent Epidemic Disease: HIV “Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. The earliest known case of infection with HIV-1 in a human was detected in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (How he became infected is not known.) Genetic analysis of this blood sample suggested that HIV-1 may have stemmed from a single virus in the late 1940s or early 1950s. We know that the virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid- to late 1970s. From 1979–1981 rare types of pneumonia, cancer, and other illnesses were being reported by doctors in Los Angeles and New York among a number of male patients who had sex with other men. These were conditions not usually found in people with healthy immune systems. In 1982 public health officials began to use the term "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome," or AIDS. Formal tracking of AIDS cases began that year in the US. In 1983, scientists discovered the virus that causes AIDS; HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)...” http://www.theaidsinstitute.org/node/259

12. HIV Continued… “Justin Goforth was just a 26-year-old nursing student when he had unprotected sex with another man and, as a result, got the diagnosis that changed his life. "I started to feel like I had the flu -- aches, pains, chills, fever, swollen lymph nodes, that kind of thing -- and so I went to my doctor... we did a viral load test… it came back (HIV) positive.“ It was 1992. Treatment options were, at the time, still few. Patients were being treated with AZT, the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1987 to treat HIV/AIDS in the US-- by then known for its serious, even life-threatening side effects… That was then, but what does it mean to have HIV today? "It means likely you can have a normal lifespan and have a similar life to someone who does not have HIV," says Dr. Ray Martins. "For people who had to deal with the medications and stuff from the '80s and '90s, it was a bit of a rough road there, so figuring out the virus and the medications that would work effectively with the least side effects, it took a while," Martins says. "But now we're at the point where we have three options for one pill, once-a-day regimens with very little side effects.“ In 1981, when the virus was discovered, being HIV-positive was considered a death sentence. For most patients today, it's a chronic disease, much like diabetes or heart disease. Goforth is a perfect example. He has been living with the disease for 21 years and today is a healthy 47- year-old. Instead of the difficult treatment regimen he was on back then which included some 40 pills five times a day with "horrific" side effects, he now takes five pills twice a day "with virtually no side effects," he says…

13. HIV Continued… About 1.1 million Americans live with HIV, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But because of improved treatments, they're living longer and their quality of life is better. "If a person is HIV infected today, it is important that they put themselves under the care of a physician experienced in caring for HIV-infected individuals," says Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. "Depending on the stage of infection, it is highly likely that it will be recommended that the person begin antiretroviral therapy (ART).“ ART is a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs that prevents the virus from replicating. It can also help reduce virus transmission. "These drugs are highly effective in suppressing HIV replication and, if taken as directed, can result in the HIV-infected individual having an almost normal lifespan without experiencing serious illness related to their HIV infection...” By Saundra Young, CNN Sun December 1, 2013

15. Disease Associated with Changing Lifestyle: Diabetes Type II “Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents; about 151,000 people below the age of 20 years have diabetes. When diabetes strikes during childhood, it is routinely assumed to be type 1, or juvenile-onset diabetes. However, in the last 2 decades, type 2 diabetes (formerly known as adult-onset diabetes) has been reported among U.S. children and adolescents with increasing frequency. Type 2 diabetes begins when the body develops a resistance to insulin and no longer uses the insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood sugar. Health care providers are finding more and more children with type 2 diabetes, a disease usually diagnosed in adults aged 40 years or older. A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents was found only for American Indians. The epidemics of obesity and the low level of physical activity among young people, as well as exposure to diabetes in utero, may be major contributors to the increase in type 2 diabetes during childhood and adolescence. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents already appears to be a sizable and growing problem among U.S. children and adolescents. Better physician awareness and monitoring of the disease’s magnitude will be necessary.” http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/projects/cda2.htm

17. Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and Their Consequences At the beginning of the twentieth century, a European-dominated global political order existed, which also included the United States, Russia, and Japan. Over the course of the century, peoples and states around the world challenged this order in ways that sought to redistribute power within the existing order and to restructure empires, while those peoples and states in power attempted to maintain the status quo. Other peoples and states sought to overturn the political order itself. These challenges to, and the attempts to maintain, the political order manifested themselves in an unprecedented level of conflict with high human casualties. In the context of these conflicts, many regimes in both older and newer states struggled with maintaining political stability and were challenged by internal and external factors, including ethnic and religious conflicts, secessionist movements, territorial partitions, economic dependency, and the legacies of colonialism. I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the twentieth century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end. A. The older land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. [i.e. the Qing empire collapsed due to the British imposed opium trade (external) and distrust of the Manchu rulers (internal)]

18. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… B. Some colonies negotiated their independence. [i.e. India from the British Empire] C. Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle. [Vietnam from the French Empire] II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states. A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule. [i.e. Mohandas Gandhi] B. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. C. Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries. [i.e. Pan-Africanism] D. Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism and socialism. III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences. A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements. [i.e. the India/Pakistan partition, the Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine, and the division of the Middle East into mandatory states]

19. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements: The Québécois separatist movement Beginning in the 1960s Quebec was the center a separatist movement; Quebecois wanted to separate from Canada and establish a French-speaking nation. In 1969 French and English were both declared the official languages of Canada. In 1970 terrorists kidnapped and murdered Quebec's minister of labor and immigration, Pierre Laporte. The federal government sent in troops and temporarily suspended civil liberties. In 1974 French became the official language of Quebec. Under a controversial law adopted in 1977, education in English-language schools was greatly restricted. The charter also changed English place-names and imposed French as the language of business, court judgments, laws, government regulations, and public institutions. Although the separatist party retained power, a referendum to make the province an independent country was rejected by the Quebec voters in 1980. In 1984 the Supreme Court ruled against Quebec's schooling restrictions. A new set of constitutional proposals hammered out by a parliamentary committee was agreed upon in 1992; they called for decentralization of federal powers, an elected Senate, and special recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. In a referendum held in Oct 1992, Canadians decisively turned down the constitutional changes. Quebec voters narrowly rejected secession from Canada in a 1995 referendum. http://www.linksnorth.com/canada-history/quebecsep.html

20. Quebec City… Ooo La La! The Québécois separatist movement Continued…

21. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… B. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. [i.e. Algerians to France] C. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations. [i.e. the Holocaust, Armenian Genocide, Rwanda Genocide, Khmer Rouge…] IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale. A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies, for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies, including political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these populations. B. The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied. Examples of the sources of global conflict: Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan Competition for resources Ethnic conflict Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany Nationalist ideologies The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression.

22. Algerians in France Today “It is now half a century since Algeria finally won its independence, so ending 132 years of often barbarous rule from Paris that culminated in a war in which more than a million Algerians died. This week the French president, François Hollande, is on a two-day state visit to the country. His main task is effectively to offer a qualified apology for what happened... France is now Algeria's main trade partner, and it has to compete with countries including Britain, China and the US for highly lucrative markets… Hollande will become the first French head of state to address both houses of parliament in Algiers since the country's independence in 1962… What Hollande's trip to Algeria fails to acknowledge, however, is just how oppressed so many French-Algerians still feel today. This is not because of what happened to their parents or grandparents but because of the uniquely divisive way in which modern France continues to treat people still viewed as immigrants, rather than bona fide citizens… This is why French-Algerian communities still live on impoverished housing estates, go to bad schools, and have few opportunities for social advancement. At best they get menial jobs, at worst they end up unemployed or in prison….” by Nabila Ramandi The Guardian Dec 2012

23. Algerians in France Continued… Supporters of the Algerian football team celebrate on the Champs Elysées after the side qualified for the World Cup finals by beating Egypt 1-0 in a play-off. Photograph by Thomas Coex/AFP

24. Palestinian Refugees Palestine refugees are defined as “persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.” UNRWA services are available to all those living in its area of operations who meet this definition, who are registered with the Agency and who need assistance. The descendants of Palestine refugee males, including adopted children, are also eligible for registration. When the Agency began operations in 1950, it was responding to the needs of about 750,000 Palestine refugees. Today, some 5 million Palestine refugees are eligible for UNRWA services. Nearly one-third of the registered Palestine refugees, more than 1.5 million individuals, live in 58 recognized Palestine refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. A Palestine refugee camp is defined as a plot of land placed at the disposal of UNRWA by the host government to accommodate Palestine refugees and set up facilities to cater to their needs. Areas not designated as such and are not recognized as camps. However, UNRWA also maintains schools, health centres and distribution centres in areas outside the recognized camps where Palestine refugees are concentrated, such as Yarmouk, near Damascus. The plots of land on which the recognized camps were set up are either state land or, in most cases, land leased by the host government from local landowners.

25. Palestinian Refugees Continued… This means that the refugees in camps do not 'own' the land on which their shelters were built, but have the right to 'use' the land for a residence. Socioeconomic conditions in the camps are generally poor, with high population density, cramped living conditions and inadequate basic infrastructure such as roads and sewers. UNRWA's responsibility in the camps is limited to providing services and administering its installations. The Agency does not own, administer or police the camps, as this is the responsibility of the host authorities. UNRWA has a camp services office in each camp, which the residents visit to update their records or to raise issues relating to Agency services with the Camp Services Officer (CSO). The CSO, in turn, refers refugee concerns and petitions to the UNRWA administration in the area in which the camp is located. In the aftermath of the hostilities of June 1967 and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, ten camps were established to accommodate a new wave of displaced persons, both refugees and non- refugees. The remaining two thirds of registered Palestine refugees live in and around the cities and towns of the host countries, and in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, often in the environs of official camps. While most of UNRWA's installations such as schools and health centres are located in the Palestine refugee camps, a number are outside; all of the Agency’s services are available to all registered Palestine refugees, including those who do not live in the camps. United Nations Relief and Works Agency For Palestinian Refugees in the Near East: http://www.unrwa.org/

26. Palestinian Refugees Continued… “The Palestinian narrative holds that the dispossessions started well before the 1948 war with Zionist armed groups terrorizing Palestinian towns and villages, killing, expelling and frightening some 700,000 inhabitants to leave. These armed groups also destroyed many villages. This all followed a conscious decision of the Zionist leaders and continued during and for months after the war. The same thing happened again in the 1967 war. To resolve the issue, Palestinians refer to Resolution 194 and demand that the refugees be given the choices stated therein, including the right of return, and also that they have the right to Palestinian citizenship or of the country of their choosing. Israel must acknowledge responsibility and pay compensation. The Israeli narrative holds that the 1948 war was forced on them because the Arabs rejected the U.N. partition plan of 1947, that most refugees fled voluntarily or because of guidance by Arab leaders, and that refugees are a usual result of war. Israel is not responsible. To accept historical responsibility for creating the refugee situation could feed the Palestinian and Arab view that the Israeli state was “born in sin” and open up Israel to demands for billions of dollars in compensation claims (one reason why the Israeli formulation, “end of conflict, end of claims”). As a sovereign state, Israel has the right to define itself as Jewish and to regulate immigration and entry. Accepting a right of Palestinian return would be an act of suicide and no state can be expected to do that.” Arthur Hughes | Sep 05, 2012 The Middle East Institute

27. Palestinian children in Gaza City attend a rally in solidarity with Palestinian refugees in Yarmouk refugee camp in Syria 2014

28. Key Concept 6.2 Continued… C. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe. D. The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. E. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War. V. Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. A. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century [i.e. Vietnam protesters], and some promoted the practice of nonviolence [i.e. Gandhi] as a way to bring about political change. B. Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders. [i.e. Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong] C. Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. D. More movements used violence against civilians to achieve political aims. E. Global conflicts had a profound influence on popular culture.

29. Vietnam Protesters

30. The Military Industrial Complex “A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. Our military organization today bears little relation to that known by any of my predecessors in peacetime, or indeed by the fighting men of WWII or Korea. Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now… we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions… We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations... We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together…” Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961

31. Movement That Used Violence: Al-Qaeda “During in the 1970s, when the Russia was the biggest threat to America and radical Islam was not as a concern of the USA’s, the USA began funding and training Islamic militants to fight our Russian enemies in Afghanistan. These militants, known as the mujahideen would rebel the Russians out of Afghanistan and later become the Taliban, Al Qaeda and the Muslim Brotherhood. One of the most prominent members of he mujahideen was a wealthy son of a Saudi Arabian businessman named Osama Bin Laden… After Ronald Reagan was elected in 1981, U.S. funding of the mujahideen increased significantly and CIA Paramilitary Officers played a big role in training, arming and sometimes even leading mujahideen forces.” http://newsone.com/1205745/cia-osama- bin-laden-al-qaeda/http://newsone.com/1205745/cia-osama- bin-laden-al-qaeda/ The US government has blamed Al-Qaeda for bomb attacks on two US embassies in Africa in 1998 and the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, among other recent terrorist attacks.

32. Rocky and Bullwinkle: Pop Culture and the Cold War American Cold War Propaganda? Boris and Natasha

33. Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture The twentieth century witnessed a great deal of warfare and the collapse of the global economy in the 1930s. In response to these challenges, the role of state in the domestic economy fluctuated, and new institutions of global governance emerged and continued to develop throughout the century. Scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, increasing levels of integration, changing relationships between humans and the environment, and the frequency of political conflict all contributed to global developments in which people crafted new understandings of society, culture, and historical interpretations. These new understandings often manifested themselves in, and were reinforced by, new forms of cultural production. Institutions of global governance both shaped and adapted to these social conditions. I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century. A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies. [i.e. Stalin’s 5 Year Plan] B. At the beginning of the century in the United States and parts of Europe, governments played a minimal role in their national economies. With the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life. [i.e. FDR’s New Deal]

34. Key Concept 6.3 Continued… C. In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development. [i.e. the privatization of the Suez Canal by President Nasser of Egypt] D. At the end of the twentieth century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization. [i.e. Chile under Pinochet] II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance. A. New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and to facilitate international cooperation. [i.e. the League of Nations and the UN] B. New economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world. [i.e. the IMF and the World Bank] C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world. [i.e. the Red Cross] D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders. [i.e. the EU and NAFTA] E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy. [i.e. McDonalds] F. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration. [i.e. Greenpeace]

35. The Red Cross “The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919 in Paris in the aftermath of WWI... The first objective of the IFRC was to improve the health of people in countries that had suffered greatly during the four years of war. Its goals were "to strengthen and unite, for health activities, already-existing Red Cross Societies and to promote the creation of new Societies“. There were five founding member Societies: Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States. This number has grown over the years and there are now 189 recognized National Societies - one in almost every country in the world.” https://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/history/

36. McDonalds: Banned? “What surprises many people is the McDonald’s absence from multiple countries… McDonald’s has never set foot into Cambodia, Ghana, or Yemen... Since both countries are flourishing by basing their economies on concrete industries, McDonald’s would not necessarily contribute to either country’s development… However, Yemen is a different case since misfortune plagues its economy. The Middle Eastern country suffers from a dilapidated economy and high unemployment rate, ruining any opportunities for business or foreign investments. Thus, McDonald’s would be more of a liability than a profitable asset. Bermuda, Bolivia, and Iceland are different from the previous three because they shut down the company. Ongoing disputes between local franchisees and McDonald’s headquarters caused the restaurant’s shutdown in Bermuda and Bolivia. In 1999, the Bermudian government instituted a ban against franchised restaurants in their country. During a protest by Bermudians, a man declared in the local press that “McDonald’s is not Bermudian and it cheapens wherever it goes.” The Bolivian government closed down McDonald’s after 14 years of operation…

37. McDonalds: Banned? Continued… President Evo Morales condemned McDonald’s and all fast food restaurants in the Western Hemisphere for risking the health of millions for a profit... Instead of public dissent, Iceland closed down McDonald’s because of an economic crisis. In 2009, the Icelandic krona decreased in value which forced the McDonald’s headquarters to shut down the restaurants. Jon Ogmundsson owned one of Iceland’s McDonald’s and noted the risk of maintaining the fast good giant: “It makes no sense. For a kilo of onions, I’m paying the equivalent of a bottle of good whiskey,” said Ogmundsson…” By Rashaad Mubarak October 1, 2013

38. Greenpeace “The Greenpeace movement grew out of the "peace" and "environmental" movements in the early '70's. Back then, it looked quite likely that the planet was going to be subjected to a nuclear war, and the Canadian "Don't Make a Wave" committee formed to protest US atmospheric nuclear testing at Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands, and later the French atmospheric testing at Mururoa in French Polynesia... Greenpeace is a global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace by: Catalyzing an energy revolution to address the number one threat facing our planet: climate change. Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves.

39. Greenpeace Continued… Protecting the world’s remaining ancient forests and the animal, plants and people that depend on them. Working for disarmament and peace by reducing dependence on finite resources and calling for the elimination of all nuclear weapons. Creating a toxic free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today's products and manufacturing. Supporting sustainable agriculture by encouraging socially and ecologically responsible farming practices.. Goal: End climate change, defend nature, destroy all nuclear weapons, and to have toxic free lifestyles.” http://www.greenpeacefoundation.org/about/gpmovement.cfm

40. Greenpeace: Another Perspective “Millions of lives could be saved and economic development could be helped along if Greenpeace ended its senseless campaigns against the insecticide DDT and biotechnology, says the Competitive Enterprise Institute's Steven J. Milloy. Although the Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT use in the United States in 1972, the ban and its tenuous rationale was never intended to be applied outside the country. Environmental groups, including Greenpeace, nevertheless exported the ban, making control of malaria-bearing mosquitoes in poor countries essentially impossible. Every year, the ban helps cause hundreds of millions of cases of malaria and tens of millions of resulting deaths in Africa and other parts of the developing world. Greenpeace also campaigns against the use of agricultural biotechnology, including "Golden Rice," which could help with the severe Vitamin A deficiency that afflicts hundreds of millions in Africa and Asia and blinds 500,000 children each year. Scientists developed Golden Rice using the gene that makes daffodils yellow. The gene makes the rice rich in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. But as pointed out by Greenpeace co-founder and former President Patrick Moore, now a vociferous critic of the activist group: "Greenpeace activists threaten to rip the biotech rice out of the fields if farmers dare to plant it. They have done everything they can to discredit the scientists and the technology." Source: Steven J. Milloy, "Rock Stars' Activism Could Be Put to Better Use," Competitive Enterprise Institute, June 24, 2005.

41. Key Concept 6.3 Continued… III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions. A. The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world. [i.e. the UN Declaration of Human Rights] B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities[i.e. Negritude] and exclusionary reactions [i.e. apartheid]. C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues. [i.e. Falun Gong] IV. Popular and consumer culture became global. A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations. [i.e. the Olympics] B. Changes in communication and transportation technology enabled the widespread diffusion of music and film. [i.e. Bollywood]

42. Falun Gong/Dafa “Falun Dafa (also called Falun Gong) is an advanced practice of Buddha school self- cultivation, founded by Mr. Li Hongzhi, the practice’s master. It is a discipline in which “assimilation to the highest qualities of the universe—Zhen, Shan, Ren (Truthfulness, Compassion, Forbearance)—is the foundation of practice. Falun Dafa “brings a person to a state of wisdom and harmonious existence. The movements of the practice are concise, as a great way is extremely simple and easy.” Falun Dafa is unique in eight ways: 1. A Falun is cultivated, rather than an energy elixir. 2. The Falun refines the person even when he or she is not doing the practice’s exercises. 3. One’s primary consciousness is cultivated, such that it is the person him or herself who obtains Gong energy. 4. Both mind and body are cultivated. 5. The practice consists of five exercises, which are simple and easy to learn. 6. The mind is not used to direct anything, there are no associated risks, and Gong energy increases quickly. 7. Location, time, and direction are not of concern when exercising, nor is how one concludes one’s exercise session. 8. Protection is provided by the master's Fashen, so one needn’t fear harm from malevolent entities.” http://en.falundafa.org/introduction.html

43. Falun Gong: Another Perspective “The Falun Gong cult was founded in 1992 and was banned in accordance with the law in July, 1999. During the long interval of seven years, the Chinese government did not forbid any Falun Gong activities. However, Li Hongzhi abused freedom by organizing the cult and did a lot of bad things. During these years, Li never ran any companies or enterprises, or did any businesses. But he amassed millions of dollars… How did he get that money and how much did he pay out of it for tax? All these are violations of the laws... Once you voice any disagreement with Falun Gong, Li Hongzhi will ask his disciples to besiege and harass you so that you will not live peacefully, that you can not work, that you can not study and that you can not lead a normal life. From June 1998 to June 1999, the " Falun Gong" organized seventy-eight such illegal gatherings with more than three hundred followers participating each time. They allowed the Falun Gong to have the freedom to do whatever they wanted to do. But they didn't allow the others to have the freedom to disagree with Falun Gong. It is clear who on earth has infringed the freedom of the others…” Zhang Hongxi, Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China, at the Symposium on Exposing the Evil Nature of the Falun Gong Cult, organized by the New York Chinese communities.

44. Li Hongzhi, Founder of Falun Gong. Now lives in NYC

45. The Olympics “On April 6, 1896, the first modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece, with athletes from 14 countries participating. The International Olympic Committee met for the first time in Paris in June 1984 and chose Greece as the site of the inaugural modern Olympiad. The ancient games are believed to have originated in 776 B.C. in Olympia, Greece, where athletes competed in one event: a foot race. Over the years, other events were added, including chariot racing, boxing, wrestling and the pentathlon. Participants, who were all young men from Greek city-states and colonies, often battled it out in the buff, as a way to celebrate the human body, and winners received olive branches. The last ancient Olympics are thought to have taken place in A.D. 393…” www.history.com Olympics, 1896 Olympics, 2014

46. Bollywood “Bollywood is the name given to India’s film making industry much as Americans associate Hollywood with film production. What most people don’t realize, however, is that Bollywood has a long and rich history that goes almost as far back as that of Hollywood. The first films every produced in India’s Bollywood were soundless short films. The Lumiere Brothers created them in 1896 at the Watson Hotel… The first talkie was released for viewing in India in March of 1931 and was named, “Alam Ara”. The films produced in the 1930s in Bollywood were used to raise awareness to what filmmakers saw as the social ills of the day. World War II and Indian independence from Britain did nothing to slow down India’s film industry… Post independence Indian cinema gained a wide recognition. The creation of the Film and Television Institute of India, FTII, a national cinema awards show, and India’s first International Film Festival rocketed Bollywood to the world stage. Indian filmmakers widely expanded movie genres from the 1960s through the 1990s to include action films, thrillers, musicals, and love stories.” http://www.world-film-awards.com/history-of-bollywood.html

47. Bollywood

48. HW Questions 1.Describe at least 2 scientific breakthroughs of the 20 th century. Why were they breakthroughs? 2.How have diseases spread due to changing lifestyles? 3.What are the Israeli and Palestinian perspectives of the Palestinian refugee situation today? Is it possible to find a solution? 4.What is the purpose of the Red Cross and Greenpeace? What are some criticisms of Greenpeace? 5.What is Falun Gong/Dafa? Why does the Chinese government consider it to be a cult?

49. Key Vocabulary Algerians Al-Qaeda Bollywood Diabetes Type II Einstein Falun Gong/Dafa Greenpeace Malaria Military Industrial Complex Palestinian Refugees Polio Québécois Separists Red Cross Dr. Jonas Salk Theory of Relativity