1. Changes in Atmosphere Density at Satellite Altitudes Caused by… Changes in solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, electrical energy extracted from the solar wind (geomagnetic activity), planetary and tidal wave activity from the lower atmosphere Known Solar EUV effects  Episodic – flares  Periodic – 11 year solar cycle, 27 day equatorial rotation Known Geomagnetic Activity  Episodic – coronal mass ejections  Periodic – coronal holes, solar wind high speed streams, co- rotating interaction regions (CIRs)  Known Lower Atmosphere Waves  Diurnal and Semidiurnal tides  Atmospheric planetary waves at 2, 5, 9-10 and12-18 day periodicity

2. Episodic Solar EUV Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections

3. Periodic Coronal Holes and Corotating Interaction Regions in the Interplanetary Medium Yohkoh image-soft X rays

4. CHAMP Satellite launched in July 2000 at 450 km altitude in a near circular orbit with an inclination of 87.3  and a local time precession of 5.44 min/day (12 hours / 133 days) Sutton et al., J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 2007 The physical parameters of the CHAMP satellite are: Total Mass 522 kg Height 0.750 m Length (with 4.044 m Boom) 8.333 m Width 1.621 m Area to Mass Ratio 0.00138 m 2 kg -1

5. Periodic Thermosphere Mass Density Perturbations for Year 2005 Density - 400km altitude Solar EUV flux index Day of Year, 2005 Note: Orbit-averaged density with an overall estimated error (systematic and statistical) of less than 10%

6. Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Activity for Year 2005 Solar wind speed Geomagnetic Activity Index

7. 2005 Periodograms – Subharmonics of a Solar Rotation Density - 400km altitude Solar EUV flux index Solar wind speed Geomagnetic Activity Index 27 days/3

8. 2005 Wavelet Analysis Density - 400km altitude Solar EUV flux index Solar wind speed Geomagnetic Activity Index

9. 9-day Periodicities in Thermosphere Density for days 25- 100, 2005 Correlated with Geomagnetic Activity and Felt Globally 9-day Bandpass Filtered Data

10. 2006 Periodograms Density - 400km altitude Solar EUV flux index Solar wind speed Geomagnetic Activity Index Density - 400km altitude Lei, J., J. P. Thayer, J. M. Forbes, E. K. Sutton, and R. S. Nerem (2008), Rotating solar coronal holes and periodic modulation of the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10109, doi:10.1029/2008GL033875. Thayer, J. P., J. Lei, J. M. Forbes, E. K. Sutton, and R. S. Nerem (2008), Thermospheric density oscillations due to periodic solar wind high-speed streams, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06307, doi:10.1029/2008JA013190.

11. Periodograms of TIMED SEE EUV Data from 5-105 nm for 2004 - 2006 Year 2004 Year 2005 Year 2006 5-105 nm

12. CO 2 NO 2002200320042005 200620072008 Power ( 10 11 W) TIMED / SABER Measurements of the Daily Infrared Power (W)

13. Solar UV TIMED Measured Power in UV and IR Emissions from 2002-2006 Daily TIMED SEE UV measurements from 0-175 nm Daily, Global SABER IR Emissions: Integrated CO 2 and NO Power from 100-200km

14. Periodogram of SABER Measured NO Power from 2002- 2006 Mlynczak, M. G., F. J. Martin-Torres, C. J. Mertens, B. T. Marshall, R. E. Thompson, J. U. Kozyra, E. E. Remsberg, L. L. Gordley, J. M. Russell III, and T. Woods (2008), Solar-terrestrial coupling evidenced by periodic behavior in geomagnetic indexes and the infrared energy budget of the thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05808, doi:10.1029/2007GL032620.

15. Periodogram of GUVI Orbit-Averaged  O/N 2 ratio for 2005 Crowley, G., A. Reynolds, J. P. Thayer, J. Lei, L.J. Paxton, A.B. Christensen, Y. Zhang, R.R. Meier, D.J. Strickland (2008), Periodic Modulations in Thermospheric Composition by Solar Wind High Speed Streams, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21106, doi:10.1029/2008GL035745. Latitude Coverage +/- 90 degrees Latitude Coverage +/- 60 degrees

16. Periodogram of Global Total Electron Content from 2005 and 2006 with Latitude 2 5 7 9 13 Period (day) Lei, J., J. P. Thayer, J. M. Forbes, Q. Wu, C. She, W. Wan, W. Wang (2008), Ionosphere response to solar wind high speed streams,, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19105, doi:10.1029/2008GL035208. Year 2006 Year 2005

17. F-region Neutral Temperatures and Winds from 2005 and 2006 Show 7 and 9 Periodicities Year 2005 Year 2006 Meridional Winds Temperature Recorded Temperatures and Winds from FPI data at Resolute Bay

18. SOHO/EIT 195A image of the Sun – April 9, 2005 Courtesy of Vic Pizzo, NOAA/SEC and Leslie Mayer, CU/CIRES Equatorward extension of the northern polar coronal hole

19. Coronal Hole and Solar Wind Speed with Heliolongitude Distribution Courtesy of Vic Pizzo, NOAA/SEC and Leslie Mayer, CU/CIRES Solar Wind Speed NSO Derived Coronal Holes NSO Date longitude lies in the Sun-earth line

20. CIR Events, Superposed Epoch Analysis (centered April 4, 2005)

21. Cumulative Density Functions for an epoch analysis of 67 CIR storms from 2003 - 2006 Epoch time (days)

22. Cumulative Density Functions for an epoch analysis of 67 CIR storms from 2003 - 2006

23. Upper Atmosphere Episodes of Change at Multi-Day Periodicities Discovery: Recent satellite measurements have discovered episodes of change in the Earth's upper atmosphere at periods near 5, 7 and 9 days that are attributed to recurrent high speed solar wind stream disturbances and coronal hole distributions on the sun. Thermosphere / Ionosphere Properties:  Thermosphere Mass Density at 400km  NO and CO 2 IR emissions from MLT  Columnar O/N 2 ratio  Global total electron content  F-region Neutral Temperature and Winds

24. High Speed Solar Wind Streams Geomagnetic Storm Aurora Currents Global Thermosphere Heating Thermosphere Breathing Interplanetary Medium Solar Coronal Holes

25. Atmosphere Breathing Modes – Makes the News

26. Discovery Leads to Improvements in Predicting Atmospheric Drag on Satellites Enabling Better Satellite Tracking, Avoidance and Design Satelite Tracking Improve tracking and monitoring of the 12,000 low earth orbiting satellites and debris Improve updates of satellite orbital elements Orbital Debris Reduce maneuvers to avoid orbital debris Provide better collision avoidance warnings Satelite Design Optimize spacecraft / orbit design of lifetime, on-board fuel, and attitude control Improve predictions of satellite reentry

27. Daily Kp Index 2002-2006

28. Periodogram Analysis of Kp Index 2002-2006 N=1 N=2 N=3 N=4 N=5 N=7 Subharmonics of a mean solar rotation period

29. Kp Index Periods for Four Solar Cycles 6.75 day 9 day 13.5 day 27 day 5.4 day 4.5 day

30. Study Implications Periodic oscillations in thermosphere / ionosphere properties at sub- harmonics of the solar rotation period (9, 6.75 and 5.4 days) have been discovered and related to solar wind high speed streams and the heliolongitude distribution of coronal holes. The periodic nature of this connection suggests an element of predictability for these geomagnetic storm events Little change in EUV flux during these episodes allows for geomagnetically driven affects on the thermosphere and ionosphere to be solely studied and identified.