1. Sex Linkage

2. Here Comes the Sun King The tale of King Henry VIII and his six wives
Wives kept experiencing miscarriages
AND COULD NOT GIVE BIRTH TO A HEALTHY MALE HEIR….

3. The wives of King Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon - divorced
Anne Boleyn - beheaded
Jane Seymour - died
Anne of Cleaves - divorced
Catherine Howard - beheaded
Catherine Parr - survived
WERE THE wives TO BLAME? Who is to blame for gender determination? What could explain such misfortune?

4. Rationale… GENDER DETERMINATION = MALE POSITIVE MEETS NEGATIVE?
If the sperm gamete that fertilizes is X –female
If the sperm gamete that fertilizes is Y- male
POSITIVE MEETS NEGATIVE?
Henry may have belonged to a rare blood group, called Kell positive. Causes autoimmune reaction against baby if wife is not.
X-linked McLeod syndrome too?
researchers propose that he also had a rare genetic disorder called McLeod syndrome. Carried on the X-chromosome, the disease generally affects only men and usually sets in around age 40 with symptoms including heart disease, movement disorders and major psychological symptoms, including paranoia and mental decline.

5. Female and Male Sex Chromosomes
The X chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome – it carries between genes. Because both males and females have at least 1 X chromosome, important genes and information are found on the X chromosome. You can survive without a Y chromosome, but you can’t survive without an X chromosome!

6. 1st Law: Law of Segregation
Mendel’s law of segregation states that every individual possesses a pair of alleles and passes a randomly selected copy (one or the other) to its offspring.

7. The same happens for sex chromosomes
the SEX chromosomes also carry genes. We use the letters X and Y to identify these chromosomes.

8. Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Traits
SEX LINKED TRAITS – genes located on the sex chromosomes, usually the X chromosome.
NOTE: It’s the sperm/male parent that determines the sex of a child.
The sex chromosomes do more than code for gender.

9. Thomas Hunt Morgan’s Flies
Geneticist
Studied fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Context: 1908 – before anyone knew the link between chromosomes and heredity
Drosophlia melanogaster are a model organism for genetics
-reproduces rapidly
-can reproduce when they are only 10 to 15 days old
-therefore can study many generations in a short time
-small (many of them can be contained in a small vial)
-males and females are easily distinguishable
Won the Nobel Prize in 1933 for discovering that chromosomes carried heritable material

10. One day in the lab… Examined eye colour in Drosophila
Noticed the appearance of white eyed flies among many red eyed offspring
Concluded the white eyes must be a mutation
Wanted to do a breeding analysis to understand about white eyes
Did a test cross

11. The test cross…
Mated white eyed male with purebred red eyed female (RR) and found all F1 generation had red eyes
According to normal Mendelian genetics, the red eyed allele was dominant
F1 F2
He then decided to mate two of the F1 generation flies and got a 3:1 ratio of red to white in the F2
Also seemed to support Mendelian genetics
 EXCEPT no females has white EYES!!

12. Maybe white eyes are lethal in females?
So he crossed them
Maybe white eyes are lethal in females?

13. I guess not….but what does this have to do with sex?
So he crossed them
I guess not….but what does this have to do with sex?

14. Morgan’s Results
The appearance of white eyes in females shows that this trait is not lethal in females.
All possible combinations of white eyes and sex are possible.
The white-eye trait can be carried over to females when F1 females are crossed with white- eyed males.

15. Did it have to do with chromosomes?
The male and females seemed to have slightly different chromosomes
Morgan found that the gene for white eyes seemed to follow the inheritance of sex
From these and other crosses, he was able to figure out that genes were carried on chromosomes!

16. Recall: Chromosome Structure
Each human cell has 46 chromosomes
23 pairs in total
22 are autosomes (not sex chromosomes)
1 pair of sex chromosomes
Each pair is homologous (similar but not the same)
Females have two X chromosomes, (XX)
Males have one X and one Y Chromosome (XY) 16

17. Sex Linked Inheritance
Autosomal inheritance: inheritance of alleles located on autosomal (non-sex) chromosomes
(This is all the inheritance we have dealt with up until now)
Sex-linked: describes an allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y)
Aa, CDCd XHXh XHY

18. XHY Hemizygous XHXh or XHXH
Just like before, females can be homozygous or heterozygous for a trait
XHXh or XHXH
Males are called hemizygous because they are neither heterozygous nor homozygous. They only have one possibility!
XHY

19. Morgan’s Flies Re-examined
Purebred red eyed female is crossed with a white male
(NOTE: no symbol for eye colour on the Y chromosome because it does not carry an allele for eye colour)

20. The F2 generation…

21. Red Eye Females???? Can white eyed females possible occur in nature?
YES! For this to happen, the offspring would have to inherit two recessive white eyed genes (therefore male must be white eyed (XrY) while female had at least one white eyed gene (XR Xr)
P: XRXr x XrY
Phenotype: 1 normal female: 1 white eyed female; 1 normal male: 1 white eyed male
Genotype: 1XR Xr : Xr Xr :XRY: XrY

22. Sex-Linked Disorders
Example of X Linked Genes: (Genes on located on the X chromosome)
Hemophilia (the inability to clot blood)
XhXh or XhY
Myopia (nearsightedness)
XmXm or XmY
Night blindness
XnXn or XnY
Male Pattern Baldness
XbXb or XbY
Colour-blindness
XcXc or XcY

23. Recessive X-linked All the above mentioned traits are recessive.
Autosomal: You require 2 copies of the recessive allele to show the recessive trait (Ie: Blue eyed individuals have the genotype: bb) and having at least 1 copy of the dominant allele causes the dominant trait to be expressed. (Ie: The genotype Bb would result in a brown eyed individual)
Sex linked traits: since males have only 1 X chromosome, they only require 1 copy of the recessive allele to show a recessive trait (____XhY_____). Females require 2 copies of the recessive allele to show a recessive trait (____XhXh____).

24. Carrier
Carrier: someone who does not have the phenotype of a condition but has the allele for the condition.
This usually applies to recessive genes
For sex-linked genes, only FEMALES can be carriers.
Males only have one copy of the allele, so they cannot be carriers. If they have the gene, they will express it.

25. Red Green Colour Blindness
Inability to distinguish between red and green
A red green colour blind person does not see the number 29 on the right
In humans normal vision is completely dominant to red-green colour blindness

27. Muscular Dystrophy XdXd or XdY
Skeletal muscles lose their normal structure and fibrous tissue develops in their place
Caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome and is sex-linked

28. Sex Linked Problems
For example, hemophilia A is a blood disease where it takes a long time for the blood to clot. The gene for hemophilia is located on the X chromosome and is recessive.
If a woman carrying the hemophilia allele marries a man who does not have hemophilia, what are the odds their children will have hemophilia?

29. How does it work Let XH represent the normal allele
Let Xh represent the allele for hemophilia
(Y is the Y chromosome)

30. Results 50% of the males are affected
0% of the females are affected, although one is a carrier

31. Sex-Linked Genes Male Pattern Baldness Located on the X chromosome
Recessive
If you are male and your mothers father had it, you may get it. It is rare in females.
Why?

32. Male Pattern Baldness - P
Let XB represent the normal hair allele, and Xb represent the baldness allele
P - Normal Female x Bald Male
XBXB x XbY
Both sons are normal, both daughters are carriers! Xb Y XB
XBXb
Carrier Female
XBY
Normal Male

33. Male Pattern Baldness = F1
F1 - Carrier Female x Normal Male
XBXb x XBY
100% of females are normal, ½ of sons are normal, ½ of sons are affected
Altogether, ¼ of children are affected XB Y
XBXB
Normal Female
XBY
Normal Male Xb
XBXb
Carrier Female
XbY
Affected Male

34. What about a bald female?
It could happen, but you’d need
Bald or Carrier Female x Bald Male
XbXb or XBXb x XbY
There are also Y-linked diseases
Obviously, only males can get it.
If your dad has it, you will get it
Less common because the Y chromosome is smaller and has less genes

35. Example 1
In fruit flies, the gene for eye colour is X-linked. Red eyes are dominant to white eyes.
If a heterozygous red-eyed female mated with a red- eyed male, what is the probability of
Producing a white eyed offspring?
Producing a white eyed male offspring?
Producing a white eyed female offspring?
A male being white eyed?

36. Answer 1
P: XRXr x XRY

37. Example 2
What is the probability of a homozygous red-eyed female and a white eyed male having a carrier female offspring?
P: XRXR x XrY

38. Example 3
What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios when a white eyed female mates with a red eyed male?
P: XrXr x XRY