1. Factoring Polynomials
Chapter 4.1
Factoring Polynomials

2. The Greatest Common Factor
11.1
The Greatest Common Factor

3. Factoring Polynomials
When an integer is written as a product of integers, each of the integers in the product is a factor of the original number. The product is the factored form of the integer.
When a polynomial is written as a product of polynomials, each of the polynomials in the product is a factor of the original polynomial. The product is the factored form of the polynomial.
The process of writing a polynomial as a product is called factoring the polynomial.

4. Greatest Common Factor
Greatest common factor – largest quantity that is a factor of all the integers or polynomials involved.
Finding the GCF of a List of Integers or Terms
Write each number or polynomial as a product of prime factors.
Identify common prime factors.
Take the product of all common prime factors.
If there are no common prime factors, GCF is 1.

5. Greatest Common Factor
Example
Find the GCF of each list of numbers.
12 and = 2 · 2 · 3
8 = 2 · 2 · 2
So the GCF is 2 · 2 = 4.
7 and 20
7 = 1 · 7
20 = 2 · 2 · 5
There are no common prime factors so the GCF is 1.

6. Greatest Common Factor
Example
Find the GCF of each list of numbers.
6, 8 and 46
6 = 2 · 3
8 = 2 · 2 · 2
46 = 2 · 23
So the GCF is 2.
144, 256 and 300
144 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3
256 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2
300 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 5 · 5
So the GCF is 2 · 2 = 4.

7. Greatest Common Factor
Example
Find the GCF of each list of terms.
x3 and x x3 = x · x · x
x7 = x · x · x · x · x · x · x
So the GCF is x · x · x = x3
6x5 and 4x3
6x5 = 2 · 3 · x · x · x
4x3 = 2 · 2 · x · x · x
So the GCF is 2 · x · x · x = 2x3

8. Greatest Common Factor
Example
Find the GCF of the following list of terms.
a3b2, a2b5 and a4b7
a3b2 = a · a · a · b · b
a2b5 = a · a · b · b · b · b · b
a4b7 = a · a · a · a · b · b · b · b · b · b · b
So the GCF is a · a · b · b = a2b2

9. Helpful Hint
Remember that the GCF of a list of terms contains the smallest exponent on each common variable.
The GCF of x3y5, x6y4, and x4y6is x3y4.
smallest exponent on x
smallest exponent on y

10. Factoring Polynomials
The first step in factoring a polynomial is to find the GCF of all its terms.
Then we write the polynomial as a product by factoring out the GCF from all the terms.
The remaining factors in each term will form a polynomial.

11. Factoring out the GCF Example
Factor out the GCF in each of the following polynomials.
1) 6x3 – 9x2 + 12x =
3 · x · 2 · x2 – 3 · x · 3 · x + 3 · x · 4 =
3x(2x2 – 3x + 4)
2) 14x3y + 7x2y – 7xy =
7 · x · y · 2 · x2 + 7 · x · y · x – 7 · x · y · 1 =
7xy(2x2 + x – 1)

12. Factoring out the GCF Example
Factor out the GCF in each of the following polynomials.
1) 6(x + 2) – y(x + 2) =
6 · (x + 2) – y · (x + 2) =
(x + 2)(6 – y)
2) xy(y + 1) – (y + 1) =
xy · (y + 1) – 1 · (y + 1) =
(y + 1)(xy – 1)

13. Factoring
Remember that factoring out the GCF from the terms of a polynomial should always be the first step in factoring a polynomial.
This will usually be followed by additional steps in the process.
Example
Factor y2 – 18x – 3xy2.
y2 – 18x – 3xy2 = 3(30 + 5y2 – 6x – xy2) =
3(5 · · y2 – 6 · x – x · y2) =
3(5(6 + y2) – x (6 + y2)) =
3(6 + y2)(5 – x)

14. Factoring by Grouping
Step 1: Group the terms in two groups so that each group has a common factor.
Step 2: Factor out the GCF from each group.
Step 3: If there is a common binomial factor, factor it out.
Step 4: If not, rearrange the terms and try these steps again.

15. Factoring by Grouping Example Factor by grouping.
21x3y2 – 9x2y + 14xy – 6
= (21x3y2 – 9x2y) + (14xy – 6) Group the terms.
= 3x2y(7xy – 3) + 2(7xy – 3) Factor each group.
= (7xy – 3)(3x2 + 2) Factor out the common factor, (7xy – 3).