1. Ground Based Measurements of Aerosols and Precipitation Douglas B. Collins Prather Research Group University of California, San Diego CalWater2 Planning Workshop – 23 April 2014

2. UCSD/SIO Mobile Laboratory Field-Deployable Platform 20’ x 7’ Double Axle Box Trailer GVWR: 7000 lbs. Power: 100 A (220 V) Max Aerosols Composition (d = 0.1 – 3 μm): Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers (ATOFMS, x2) Size Distributions (d = 0.01 – 20 μm): Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Light Absorption/Black Carbon: 7-wavelength Aethalometer Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN): Single Column CCN Counter, Condensation Particle Counter PM 2.5 Mass: Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) Others: Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (Ice Nuclei; DeMott, Colo. State. Univ.) Aerosol Ion Chromatography, Aerosol and CCN Capillary Electrophoresis (Roberts, SIO) Trace Gases Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Ozone (O 3 ), Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 )

3. CalWater Field Sites BBY SPD MPI UCSD/SIO Mobile Aerosol Laboratory Precipitation Sampling (USGS) Surface Met & Radar (HMT West/NOAA ESRL) Sugar Pine Dam (SPD): 2009, 2010, 2011 Mariposa (MPI): 2010 Bodega Bay (BBY): 2014 Aerosol Size Distributions & CCN Concentrations Precipitation Sampling (USGS) Lincoln (LHM): 2011 Precipitation Sampling (USGS) Cazadero (CZC): 2011 Shasta Dam (STA): 2011 Yosemite Snow Sampling (NPS) Crane Flat (CFT), Badger Pass (BPS), Tuolumne Meadows (TMD): 2011 LHM STA CZC [Google Maps]

4. Sugar Pine Dam Foresthill Backcountry, Tahoe National Forest BBY SPD MPI LHM STA CZD [Google Maps] Elevation: 1066 m MSL Locale: Remote, Rural (>10 km from I-80) Access: 20 min drive from nearest lodging; ¼ mile hike from road (snow only) Communications: Satellite Internet (HughesNet) [No cellular or satellite phone reception] Notable features: 1.Low aerosol concentrations (esp. coarse mode) 2.Sierra Barrier Jet/Aerosol interactions 3.New Particle Formation after precipitation 4.Snow and Rain both possible at ground level [Late January – Mid March]

5. Sugar Pine Dam Foresthill Backcountry, Tahoe National Forest Elevation: 1066 m MSL Locale: Remote, Rural (>10 km from I-80) Access: 20 min drive from nearest lodging; ¼ mile hike from road (snow only) Communications: Satellite Internet (HughesNet) [No cellular or satellite phone reception] Notable features: 1.Low aerosol concentrations (esp. coarse mode) 2.Sierra Barrier Jet/Aerosol interactions 3.New Particle Formation after precipitation 4.Snow and Rain both possible at ground level [Late January – Mid March] Ambient Particle Sources

6. Bodega Bay UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory BBY SPD MPI LHM STA CZD [Google Maps] Elevation: <10 m MSL Locale: Coastal, active laboratory Access: Lodging onsite Communications: via Bodega Marine Lab Notable features: 1.Strong contribution from marine aerosol 2.Central Valley influence via Petaluma Gap 3.Coastal barrier jet formation 4.Local burning (campfires), especially on weekends can complicate regional scale signal [February – March]

7. Elevation: <10 m MSL Locale: Coastal, active laboratory Access: Lodging onsite Communications: via Bodega Marine Lab Notable features: 1.Strong contribution from marine aerosol 2.Central Valley influence via Petaluma Gap 3.Coastal barrier jet formation 4.Local burning (campfires), especially on weekends can complicate regional scale signal Bodega Bay UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory [February – March] Ambient Particle Sources

8. Elevation: <10 m MSL Locale: Coastal, active laboratory Access: Lodging onsite Communications: via Bodega Marine Lab Notable features: 1.Strong contribution from marine aerosol 2.Central Valley influence via Petaluma Gap 3.Coastal barrier jet formation 4.Local burning (campfires), especially on weekends can complicate regional scale signal Bodega Bay vs. Sugar Pine Dam BBY has larger coarse mode, which consists of mostly sea spray aerosol Bodega Bay UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory [February – March]

9. Comparative Analysis Sugar Pine Dam (Tahoe National Forest) Pros Established aerosol dataset (3 years) Possibility for various phases of precip Receptor site for SNR Orographic Precip Clean, remote site Cons Poor communication, very remote Access can be blocked for >24 hrs (snow) [Can require heavy equipment] Power can be lost for >24 hrs (snow) Limited relationship to cloud chemistry Bodega Bay (Bodega Marine Lab) Pros Access to supplies, bio lab, office space Housing is on-site  data consistency Often receives clean marine air Petaluma gap flow, coastal jet, new particle formation Backup power is provided (although it pollutes the air heavily) Cons Salty air can be problematic for electronics Conditions (and sources) can change very quickly, real-time forecasting necessary Occasional local pollution (easy to filter)

10. Adding Value with Co-Location Thoughts for Future: LIDAR, Cloud Radar Snow Pillow and SWE Hydrometeor Size Distributions Sugar Pine Dam, 2011 Bodega Bay, 2014 Precip AerosolS-PROF DRUM Aerosol 449 MHz + RASS Precip

11. Logistical Considerations UCSD/SIO Mobile Lab needs near-constant attention Access and communications must be reliable Influence of local particle sources can overshadow regional-scale trends C. McCluskey, Colo. State

12. Thank You!

14. Mariposa- Yosemite Airport Mariposa, CA BBY SPD MPI LHM STA CZD [Google Maps] Elevation: 670 m MSL Locale: Rural, active road and air traffic Access: Short drive to lodging Communications: Generally available Notable features: 1.Airport and truck traffic influenced signal 2.SBJ appeared to influence aerosol (like SPD) 3.Not strongly coupled to Central Valley Strong local sources of particles make this site not a good option for CalWater