1. CHAPTER 1 The Science of Biology

2. 1.1 What is Science?

3. What Science Is and Is Not
Scientific ideas are open to testing, discussion, and revision.

4. Science as a Way of Knowing
Science is different from human endeavors because
It deals only with the natural world
Data is collected in an orderly way to look for patterns and connections
Explanations are based on evidence, not belief

5. The Goals of Science
To provide natural explanations for events in the natural world.
Use scientific explanations to understand patterns in nature and formulate predictions.

6. Science, Change, and Uncertainty
Nature is still a mystery because science is constantly changing.
Science rarely proves anything in absolute terms, so scientists aim for the best understanding of the natural world.

7. Scientific Methodology: The Heart of Science
There isn’t any single “scientific method,” but a general style of investigation called scientific methodology.
It involves observing, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

8. Observing and Asking Questions
Scientific investigations begin with observations.
A good scientist should be able to “Think something that nobody has thought yet, while looking at something that everybody sees.” – Arthur Schopenhauer

9. Inferring and Forming a Hypothesis
After posing questions, scientists use observations to make inferences.
Inference combined with creative imagination can help to form a hypothesis.

10. Designing Controlled Experiments
Hypotheses should be tested in controlled experiments.
You need controlling variables to determine what is responsible for any changes that occur.
Scientists use multiple control and experimental groups so they can replicate the experiment.

11. Collecting and Analyzing Data
Quantitative Data – numbers obtained by counting or measuring
Qualitative Data – descriptions that can not be counted
To avoid error use a larger sample size. The larger the sample size, the more reliable the data is.

12. Drawing Conclusions
Use experimental data to support, refute, or revise the hypothesis.
If the hypothesis is not fully supported, you can reevaluate and design a new experiment.

13. When Experiments Are Not Possible
Some hypotheses can be tested by observation.
Some experiments are not possible because of ethics.
Weather Patterns

14. 1.2 Science in Context

15. Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From
Observations may be inspired by scientific attitudes, practical problems, and new technology

16. Scientific Attitudes
Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and creativity help scientists generate new ideas
Skeptics question existing ideas and hypotheses

17. Practical Problems
Practical questions and issues inspire scientific questions, hypotheses, and experiments

18. The Role of Technology
Scientific discoveries may lead to new technologies, which enable scientists to ask new questions or to gather data in different ways

19. Communicating Results: Reviewing and Sharing Ideas
Communication and sharing of ideas are vital to modern science

20. Peer Review
Scientists publish articles, which contain details about experimental conditions, controls, data, analysis, and conclusions
These articles have been peer-reviewed by anonymous, independent experts, and allow researchers to share ideas and to test and evaluate each other’s work

21. Sharing Knowledge and New Ideas
New scientific finding spark new questions
Each new questions leads to new hypotheses and new experiments

22. Scientific Theories
The word theory applies to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations
No theory is considered absolute truth

23. Testing Mussels for Toxins
Science and Society
Certain questions can’t be answered by science alone.
They involve the society in which we live, our economy, and our laws and moral principles.
Testing Mussels for Toxins

24. Science, Ethics, ad Morality
Pure science doesn’t include ethical or moral viewpoints
Science can’t tell us why life exists or what ways technology should be applied.

25. Avoiding Bias
Bias can be personal taste, preference for someone or something, and social standards of beauty
Scientific data can be misinterpreted or misapplied by scientists who want to pave a particular point

26. 1.3 Studying Life

27. Characteristics of Living Things
Living things are made up of basic unites called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain and use material and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time

28. Big Ideas in Biology
All biological studies are tied together by themes and methods of study that cut across disciplines.
The study of biology revolves around several interlocking big ideas.

29. 1. Cellular Basis of Life
There are unicellular and multicellular organisms
Cells in mulitcellular organisms have many different shapes, sizes, and functions

30. 2. Information and Heredity
Living things are based on universal genetic code
The information coded in DNA can influence your future, like risks for developing illnesses, or hair color

31. 3. Matter and Energy
Life requires matter that serves as nutrients to build body structures, and energy fuels life’s processes

32. 4. Growth, Development, and Reproduction
All living things reproduce, and the young grow and develop as they mature
During growth and development, generalized cells typically become more and more different and specialized for particular functions.

33. 5. Homeostasis
Living things maintain a relatively stable internal environment
The breakdown of homeostasis may have serious or even fatal consequences.

34. 6. Evolution
Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a common origin
Evolutionary theory is the central organizing principle of all biological and biomedical sciences

35. 7. Structure and Function
Each major group of organisms has evolved its own collection of structures that make particular functions possible

36. 8. Unity and Diversity of Life
All living things are fundamentally similar at the molecular level.
All organisms are considered of a common set of carbon-based molecules, store information in a common genetic code, and use proteins to build their structures and carry out their functions

37. 9. Interdependence in Nature
All forms of life are connected into a biosphere and are linked to one another and to the land, water, and
air around them
The relationship depends on the cycling of matter and the flow of energy

38. 10. Science as a Way of Knowing
The job of science is to use observations, questions, and experiments to explain the natural world in terms of natural forces and events
Scientific research reveals rules and patterns that can explain and predict at least some events in nature

39. Fields of Biology
Biology includes many overlapping fields that use different tools to study life from the level of molecules to the entire planet

40. Global Ecology
Global ecological studies are enabling us to learn about our global impact

41. Biotechnology
This field is based on our ability to “edit” and rewrite the genetic code
Biotechnology raises ethical, legal, and social questions

42. Building the Tree of Life
Biologists have discovered and identified roughly 1.8 million different kinds of living organisms
They want to combine the latest genetic information with computer technology to organize all living things into a single universal “Tree of All Life”

43. Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases
Relationships between hosts and pathogens are constantly changing
Organisms that can cause human disease have their own ecology, which involve our bodies, medicines we take, and our interactions with each other and the environment

44. Genomics and Molecular Biology
These fields focus on studies of DNA and other molecules inside cells.

45. Performing Biological Investigations
Biologists like other scientists, rely on a common system of measurement and practice safety procedures when conducting studies

46. Scientific Measurements
Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments
The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10

47. Safety
Careful preparation is the key to staying safe during scientific activities