1. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN LATE ADULTHOOD 15 ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK 3e

2. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-2 CHAPTER OUTLINE Longevity, biological aging, and physical development Health Cognitive functioning Work and retirement

3. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-3 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Longevity Biological theories of aging The aging brain Physical development Sexuality

4. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-4 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Longevity Life span and life expectancy Life span : Maximum number of years an individual can live Between 120–125 years Life expectancy : Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live Average is 78.3 years

5. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-5 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Differences in life expectancy Female life expectancy 80.8 years, males 75.7 years Beginning in the mid-thirties, women outnumber men because of: Social factors such as: Health attitudes Habits Lifestyles Occupation Biological factors

6. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-6 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Centenarians Genes play an important role in surviving to an extreme old age along with: Family history Health (weight, diet, smoking, and exercise) Education Personality Lifestyle

7. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-7 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Biological theories of aging Evolutionary theory : Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults Cellular clock theory : Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times Age makes cells less capable of dividing Telomeres – Tips of chromosomes; DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

8. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-8 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Free-radical theory : People age because: When cells metabolize energy By-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals Emphasis on a decay of mitochrondria–tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair Hormonal stress theory : Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

9. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-9 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT The aging brain The shrinking, slowing brain Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years Volume decreases due to: Shrinkage of neurons Lower numbers of synapses Reduced length of axon Slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood Affecting physical coordination and intellectual performance

10. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-10 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Aging - Linked to a reduction in the production of certain neurotransmitters The adapting brain Neurogenesis - Generation of new neurons Dendritic growth Decrease in lateralization Improve cognitive functioning

11. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-11 FIGURE 15.2 - THE DECREASE IN BRAIN LATERALIZATION IN OLDER ADULTS

12. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-12 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT The Nun Study Intriguing ongoing investigation of aging in 678 nuns Research provide hope that scientists will discover ways to tap into the brain’s capacity to adapt in order to prevent and treat brain diseases

13. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-13 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Physical appearance and movement Most noticeable changes - Wrinkles and age spots Shorter with aging due to bone loss in their vertebrae Weight drops after age 60 Muscle loss Older adults move more slowly

14. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-14 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Sensory development Vision Sensory decline in older adults is linked to a decline in cognitive functioning Color vision Depth perception

15. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-15 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Diseases of the eye Cataracts : Thickening of the lens of the eye Causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted Glaucoma : Damage to the optic nerve because of: Pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye Macular degeneration : Deterioration of the macula of the retina Corresponds to the focal center of the visual field

16. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-16 FIGURE 15.3 - MACULAR DEGENERATION

17. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-17 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Hearing Impairments becomes an impediment Some, but not all, hearing problems can be corrected by hearing aids Smell and taste Smell and taste losses typically begin about age 60 Touch and pain Decline in touch sensitivity is not problematic for most Decreased sensitivity to pain can help adults cope with disease and injury Mask injuries and illnesses that need to be treated

18. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-18 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT The circulatory system and lungs Cardiovascular disorders increase in late adulthood Lung capacity drops 40 percent between the age of 20 and 80, even without disease Can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening exercises

19. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-19 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Sleep 50 % of older adults complain of having difficulty sleeping Result in earlier death and is linked to a lower level of cognitive functioning

20. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-20 LONGEVITY, BIOLOGICAL AGING, AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Sexuality Orgasm becomes less frequent in males with age Many are sexually active as long as they are healthy

21. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-21 HEALTH Health problems Exercise, nutrition, and weight Health treatment

22. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-22 HEALTH Health problems Probability of having some disease or illness increases with age Arthritis is the most common followed by hypertension Causes of death in older adults Nearly 60% of 65–74-year-olds die of cancer or cerebrovascular disease 75–84 and 85+ age groups Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death Ethnicity is linked with death rates of older adults

23. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-23 HEALTH Arthritis : Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems Osteoporosis : Extensive loss of bone tissue Accidents - 6th leading cause of death in older adults Falls are the leading cause

24. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-24 FIGURE 15.4 - PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MORTALITY

25. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-25 HEALTH Exercise, nutrition, and weight Exercise Linked to prevention of common chronic diseases and increased longevity Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases Improves older adults’ cellular functioning and immune system functioning

26. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-26 HEALTH Nutrition and weight Getting adequate nutrition Avoiding overweight and obesity Role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life

27. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-27 HEALTH Health treatment Quality of nursing homes and other extended-care facilities for older adults varies enormously Source of continuing national concern Factor related to health and survival in a nursing home: Patient’s feelings of control and self-determination Geriatric nurses - Helpful in treating the health care problems

28. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-28 FIGURE 15.6 - PERCEIVED CONTROL AND MORTALITY

29. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-29 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Multidimensionality and multidirectionality Use it or lose it Training cognitive skills Cognitive neuroscience and aging

30. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-30 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Multidimensionality and multidirectionality Attention Selective attention Divided attention Sustained attention

31. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-31 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Memory Episodic memory : Retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings Younger adults have better episodic memory Semantic memory : Person’s knowledge about the world Older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information, but usually they can ultimately retrieve it Working memory and perceptual speed - Decline during the late adulthood years

32. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-32 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Explicit memory : Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state Implicit memory : Memory without conscious recollection Noncognitive factors - Health, education, and socioeconomic status can influence an older adult’s performance on memory tasks

33. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-33 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Executive functioning Involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal- directed behavior and self control: General aspects of executive functioning decline in late adulthood Considerable variability in executive functioning among older adults

34. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-34 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Wisdom : Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters High levels of wisdom are rare Factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop to a high level Personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors

35. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-35 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Use it or lose it Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and concerts Research suggests that: Mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline

36. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-36 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Training cognitive skills Improve the cognitive skills of many older adults Some loss in plasticity in late adulthood, especially in the oldest-old Cognitive vitality of older adults can be improved through cognitive and physical fitness training

37. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-37 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Cognitive neuroscience and aging Cognitive neuroscience - Discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning Changes in the brain can influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain

38. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-38 WORK AND RETIREMENT Work Adjustment to retirement

39. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-39 WORK AND RETIREMENT Work Older workers have lower rates of absenteeism, fewer accidents, and higher job satisfaction than their younger counterparts

40. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-40 WORK AND RETIREMENT Retirement in the U.S. When people reach their sixties, the life path they follow is less clear Some individuals don’t retire, continuing in their career jobs Some retire from their career work and then take up a new and different job Some retire from career jobs but do volunteer work Some retire from a post-retirement job and go on to yet another job Some move in and out of the workforce, so they never really have a “career” job from which they retire Some individuals who are in poor health move to a disability status and eventually into retirement Some who are laid off define it as “retirement”

41. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-41 WORK AND RETIREMENT Older adults who adjust best to retirement: Are healthy Have adequate income Are active Are educated Have an extended social network including both friends and family Usually were satisfied with their lives before they retired

42. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-42 MENTAL HEALTH Depression Dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease

43. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-43 MENTAL HEALTH Major depression : Mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self- derogatory, and bored Less common among older adults than younger adults Common predictors Earlier depressive symptoms Poor health or disability Loss events Low social support

44. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-44 MENTAL HEALTH Dementia : Involve a deterioration of mental functioning 23 percent of women and 17 percent of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia

45. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-45 MENTAL HEALTH Alzheimer disease : Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function Women are likely to develop Alzheimer disease because they live longer than men Alzheimer involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholine Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

46. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-46 FIGURE 15.9 - TWO BRAINS: NORMAL AGING AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE

47. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-47 MENTAL HEALTH Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early disease fMRI shows smaller brain regions involved in memory for individuals with MCI

48. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-48 MENTAL HEALTH Drug treatment of Alzheimer disease Cholinerase inhibitors and other drugs slow the downward progression of the disease Caring for individuals with Alzheimer disease Support is often emotionally and physically draining for the family Respite care services

49. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15-49 MENTAL HEALTH Parkinson disease : A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis Triggered by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain Several treatments are available