1. Replication of DNA DNA is a unique molecule because it is able to direct its own replication and reproduce itself EXACTLY.

2. What I need to know:- 1.DNA can make an exact copy of itself 2.The stages of DNA replication 3.The requirements for DNA replication 4.The use of a primer and DNA polymerase 5.DNA replication of the lagging strand

3. DNA replication DNA can reproduce itself exactly and this is called REPLICATION. Full replication is complete in 6 stages: 1.DNA double helix unwinds 2.Weak hydrogen bonds break causing the 2 strands to separate 3.Free DNA nucleotide joins complimentary pair on open strand 4.Weak hydrogen bonds reform between base pairs 5.Strong chemical bond forms between both nucleotides (controlled by enzyme called DNA POLYMERASE) 6. Newly formed daughter DNA (identical to original) begins to wind into double helix

4. Stage 1 – DNA double helix unwinds

5. Stage 2 – Weak hydrogen bonds break causing the 2 strands to separate

6. Stage 3 - Free DNA nucleotide joins complimentary pair on open strand

7. Stage 4 – Weak hydrogen bonds reform between base pairs

8. Stage 5 – Strong chemical bond forms between both nucleotides (controlled by enzyme called DNA POLYMERASE)

9. Stage 6 – Newly formed daughter DNA (identical to original) begins to wind into double helix

10. This process can only take place if the nucleus contains: DNA (acts as template for new molecule) Supply of DNA nucleotides Appropriate enzymes Supply of ATP

11. Semi-conservative replication Replication results in two new DNA molecules. It is said to be SEMI-CONSERVATIVE because each new DNA molecules receives one strand of the original parent molecule.

12. Enzyme control DNA is a complex process that involves many enzymes The section of DNA that is to be replicated unwinds and unzips creating a y-shaped replication fork.

13. On the leading strand The enzyme DNA polymerase controls the sugar-phosphate bonding between nucleotides on the new DNA strand. This will only work if it has two nucleotides to join. Therefore a primer is needed to initiate DNA replication. A primer is a short strand of complementary nucleotides formed at the 3’ end of the parental DNA strand. DNA replication on this strand is continuous

14. On the lagging strand DNA polymerase is only able to add nucleotides to the free 3’ end of a growing strand. Therefore the DNA on the parental strand that has the 5’ end exposed is replicated in fragments starting at the 3’ end of a primer. As the replicated strand is discontinuous, the enzyme LIGASE joins the fragments together

15. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter14/dna_replication.html

16. What is required for DNA replication? DNA Primers Free DNA nucleotides Enzymes ATP

17. DNA and the bigger picture Once the two identical daughter DNA strands form, they coil up and become IDENTICAL CHROMATIDS (held together by a centromere). Following DNA replication (and before cell division) the cells DNA content is at its maximum. DNA replication ensures that an exact copy of a species genetic information is passed on. If DNA failed to replicate itself, mitosis and meiosis would be unable to take place. DNA is essential for life to exist.

18. Meselson and Stahl Experiment http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites /dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio22.swf::Meselson%20an d%20Stahl%20Experiment http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites /dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio22.swf::Meselson%20an d%20Stahl%20Experiment

19. Now attempt the following questions 1)Decide whether the following statements are true or false. When the statement is false, give the word that should have been used in place of the word in bold print A – during DNA replication, each DNA parental strand acts as a template. B – A guanine base can only pair up with a thymine base C – An adenine base can only pair with a cytosine base. D – Complementary base pairs are held together be weak anti- parallel bonds E – each new DNA molecule formed by replication contains one parental and one new strand. 2) Describe the stage of DNA replication on the leading strand 3a) name four requirements needed for DNA replication to occur. 3b) briefly explain why DNA replication is important

20. Glossary ANTIPARALLEL – describes the orientation of the strands in a DNA duplex; these run in opposite directions with respect to their 5’-3’ polarity CENTROMERE – region of a replicated chromosome where 2 chromatids are held together CHROMATID – refers to the copy of a chromosome after DNA replication and prior to cell division. Each replicated chromosome is composed of 2 chromatids, joined at the centromere DNA POLYMERASE – an enzyme that creates DNA molecules by assembling neucleotides LAGGING STRAND – the DNA strand that is replicated discontinuously from the 5' to the 3' directionstrandreplicated LEADING STRAND – the DNA strand that is synthesised continuously during replication PRIMER – short fragment of DNA that serve as a starting point for DNA replication REPLICATION FORK – The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION - the normal process of DNA synthesis, in which the two original strands of the molecule separate, and each acts as a template on which a new complementary strand is laid down