1. Airmanship II Air Traffic Control ATC- air traffic control- the controllers and supporting staff operate from the ‘control tower’, and they communicate with the aircrew by radio telephone (RT) They control the aircraft on the ground, in the circuit and approach (which are outside the circuit but within the airfield’s area of responsibility.

2. Air Traffic Control Centres ATCC are responsible for the safety of aircraft flying between airfields May be located in ATCCs or Air Traffic Control Radar Units (ATCRUs) neither of which need to be situated on airfields

3. Recognise a Control Tower Always in a prominent position in the aircraft manoeuvring area. It has offices and rooms for electronic equipment It may house a Bird Control Unit (BCU)

4. Aerodrome or Airfield Controller Works in a glass walled control room on the top of the control tower They have uninterrupted views of the manoeuvring area

5. Approach Controller They control aircraft departing the airfield circuit and those making instrument approaches They may provide a radar service to aircraft in transit through their area of responsibility They obtain information from RT, landline communications and radar displays

6. Runway Controller Needed on an airfield with a high rate of take- offs and landings They are in direct contact with the airfield controller and works from a caravan,painted in red and white squares, positioned to the left of the touch- down end of the runway in use They can refuse aircraft permission to move onto the runway or to take- off or land. They also control ground vehicles in the runway area They use red and green signal lamps

7. Communications System ATC depends on good communications- both ground-to-ground and ground-to-air. The danger of instructions and information being misunderstood must be reduced to a minimum Contact between ground organisations is achieved through the use of special telephones and tele- talk. Ground-to-air communications are by radio telephony (RT)

8. Telephone and Tele-talk Telephone Tower will have 3 different telephone systems: Normal BT system, Defence Fixed Telecoms System (DFTS) (links units and stations), special air traffic control system (links the tower by direct cables) Tele-talk A system for direct contact with vital offices and sections on the airfield (i.e. between Tower and Station Commander)

9. Radio VHF-very high frequency UHF – ultra high frequency They give clear reception, free from interference Each airfield has its own frequencies for airfield control and Crash and vehicles using manoeuvring area will have yet another frequency All RAF airfields also have a military distress frequency

10. Helicopter Operating Areas Identified with a white letter ‘H’, 4 metres high and 2 metres crosspiece. They are well clear of fixed wing operations and may have edging round the landing area

11. Airfield Hazard Markings and Obstruction Markers Stationary Hazards Identified by a three sided solid, mounted on a pole

12. Bad Ground Airfields where taxying on the grass is permitted A- Canvas marker -A white canvas ‘V’ marker with red band B- Solid Marker- A 1m long striped solid – yellow and black alternating C-Flag Marker- Yellow flags or squares on light stakes

13. RADAR – RAdio Detection And Ranging- the ‘eyes’ of air traffic control A radar system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. A short pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted from an aerial and the receiver ‘listens’ for an echo. Objects will reflect the EM pulse back to the receiver, including aircraft flying within range The receiver determines the aircrafts position, direction of travel and speed. This information is displayed through a cathode ray tube onto a screen

14. Radio Aids- Two types Digital resolution direction finding (DRDF) It receives RT transmissions from an aircraft and displays it on a cathode ray tube as a green line called a ‘trace’ Gives the controller the aircrafts bearing from the airfield Controller can tell the pilot which course to fly to reach the airfield Instrument Landing system (ILS) A runway approach aid with fixed transmitters on the ground They send out a special pattern of radio signal which define a radio beam which is like a pathway in the sky In this system the pilot interprets the signals and does not need any outside assistance.

15. Radar Aids Surveillance Radar Both to monitor air traffic passing through an area and a approach aid. Controller can locate an aircraft and direct it to a position and height near the airfield for visual or runway approach aid. Precision Approach Radar (PRP) The controller has two screens – one for elevation and the other for azimuth (left and right) The procedure is called a ground-controlled approach (GCA) They will eventually be replaced by the new ‘replacement PAR’

16. Airway System – Controlled Air Space For controlled and safe managements of air traffic, airspace is divided into classes or functional areas. Controlled airspace has strict rules on the conduct of flying Airways are imaginary tunnels in the air They are vital in safe transit of large numbers of aircraft.

18. To use controlled airspace The pilot must have a valid instrument rating The aircraft must be fitted with appropriate radio and navigational equipment The flight must be made in accordance with the rules.

19. Width of Airways Air ways are between 10 and 20 nautical miles (18.5 to 37 km) and have upper and lower height limits As they approach airfield they slope down to the ground to form airfield zones. Centre Beacons The centre of an airway is marked by a series of radio navigations beacons. Aircraft fly from beacon to beacon reporting to ATCC their position, time and height.

20. Clearance Clearance is required for flights along airways The route must be thoroughly planned beforehand and the flight plan submitted to ATCC before take-off. Once airborne, contact with ATCC must be established before an aircraft can enter the airway

21. Crossing Airways Providing the base of the airway is above ground level, the aircraft can be flown underneath and no permission is needed The aircraft can be flown through the airway, provided clearance and radar control is obtained form the appropriate ATCRU

22. Questions

25. Rules of the Air There must be rules to govern the way aircraft move about the sky so that accidents can be avoided. They are called the ‘Right of Way’ rules

26. Rights of Way for Differing Types of Aircraft Four main types of aircraft; Balloons Gliders Airships Powered aircraft All aircraft must give way to balloons Gliders have the right of way over both powered airships and aircraft Airships must give way to both gliders and balloons Powered aircraft must give way to balloons, gliders and airships

27. Approaching Head on Head-on both move to their right

28. Converging Courses The left hand aircraft gives way

29. Overtaking The faster aircraft move to starboard (turning right) If gliders- the overtaker may turn right or left

30. Approach to Landing and Emergency priority An aircraft landing or on final approach to land has right of way over aircraft in flight or on the ground When two or more aircraft are approaching to land at the same time, the lower one has the right of way, unless the captain of the lower aircraft becomes aware that the other has an emergency.

31. On the Ground – Vehicles and Aircraft On the ground, aircraft and vehicles being taxied give way to aircraft being towed. Vehicles not towing aircraft give way to aircraft being taxied

32. Navigation Lights Most modern aircraft carry one or more flashing ‘anti-collision’ lights so that they can be seen easily, and ‘navigation’ lights- different coloured lights on the wing tips and the rear- to help a pilot judge which way the other aircraft is travelling.

33. Aircraft have different styles of navigation lights

34. Converging at Night In this converging example, if the Harrier (A) pilot looks out to starboard and sees a red light moving alongside (B), he knows that the other aircraft has right of way and he must take action to avoid collision

35. Crossing Flight Paths at Night In this example, the Jaguar pilot (A) sees a green light crossing from port to starboard, and therefore knows that the Hawk (B) should give way. The Jaguar pilot must, however, be aware that the Hawk pilot might not have seen him and should therefore be ready to take avoiding action if necessary.

36. Avoiding Other Aircraft – Clock Code While in the air the best way to avoid a collision is to see the other aircraft as early as possible. If you are on a sortie and see an aircraft that may pose a threat, you must inform the captain of its position To pin-point the location of this aircraft you would use the ‘Clock-Code’ system

37. Clock Code System

38. You imagine your aircraft is lying on the face of a clock. Directly ahead of your aircraft is 12 o’clock, directly astern is 6 o’clock. Any aircraft sighted can now be positioned to the nearest clock numeral For extra clarity you can add HIGH/LEVEL/LOW relative to your aircraft

39. Questions