1. Language
Diagram
Indo-Iranian Branch
Romance Branch
Balto-Slavic Branch
Pg 153

2. 1st period Quiz
A system of written communication is a _________________________
What is a dialect?
Explain why some words in British English and American English are spelled differently.

3. 2nd period Quiz What is a literary tradition?
List the 5 Romance languages.
Why are there spelling differences in British English and American English?

4. Number a sheet of notebook paper 1-13.
Prepare for map quiz.
Number a sheet of notebook paper 1-13.
For tomorrow’s presentations
Be prepared to explain what part you played
When you get done with the powerpoint to
If you are bringing food for extra credit bring any items that go along with it (forks, napkins, plates, etc)

5. Chapter 5
Languages!

6. What do you call a person who speaks multiple language?
A polyglot
What do you call a person who speaks two languages?
Bilingual
What do you call a person who speaks one language?
American
Why do you think so few Americans speak another language?

7. Countries
Monolingual:
Multilingual:

8. Most languages diffuse through literary tradition

9. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?
English- spoken more than any other language except Mandarin
Distributed around the world
Official language in 50 countries
English is the most important language in North America b/c
Diffusion of English colonies

10. Dialects of English Dialect- Migration allows variation to exist
Different in sound, speed, syntax
Migration allows variation to exist
English- large # of dialect

11. Dialects in the U.S. isogloss South- two syllables
New England- drops the “r”
West Coast/Midwest

12. Dialects of English Standard language
Acceptable for govt, education, mass communication
British Received Pronunciation- politicians, broadcasters, actors

13. Why is English Related to Other Languages?
Language family
Language Branch
Language group

14. Indo-European Family 8 branches
World’s most extensively spoke language family
3 billion people speak Indo-European

15. The Indo-European Language Family
Germanic branch
Indo-Iranian branch
Balto-Slavic branch
Romance branch
Albanian
Armenian
Greek
Celtic

16. Indo-European Language Family
Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

17. Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Includes:
German and English
English included b/c German tribes that invaded England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)
West Germanic Branch
Structurally similar and have many words in common
East Germanic- EXTINCT
North Germanic Branch
Scandinavia- Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic
Icelandic- changed less than any other Germanic language b/c of isolation from other places
High and Low Germanic
Based on elevations
Low- English, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans

18. Germanic Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

19. English is in the language family- Indo- European
English is in the language branch – Germanic
English is in the language group- West Germanic

20. Where are Other Language Families Distributed?
Family Trees: * language families- TRUNKS
Individual languages- LEAVES
The larger the leaves/trunks are the greater # of speakers of those families and languages.
Trunks that divide into branches- language branches

22. Language Family Trees
Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

23. Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 50 million speakers are named.

24. Major Language Families Percentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

25. Language Family Activity

26. Remain silent while announcements are on
Get homework out!

27. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
Most speakers (100 individual languages) spoken by 1 billion
Eastern (Indic)
Western (Iranian)

28. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
Eastern (Indic)
Widely used language in India
Indians speak Hindi written in Devanagari
Hindi Language
Pakistan speak Urdu written in Arabic
Urdu Language
Cultural diversity in India is due to language

29. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European
Iranian (Western)
Spoken in Iran
Iranians speak Persian
Persian
Afghans speak Pashto
Pashto
Kurds speak Kurdish
Kurdish

30. Batlo-Slavic Branch of Indo-European
East Slavic and Baltic Groups
Russian
West and South Slavic Groups
Polish by Czech and Slovak
czech language
Ukrainian
Belarusian

31. Russian Sign
Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries

32. South Asian Languages & Language Families
Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

33. Romance Branch of Indo-European
Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

34. Signs in Barcelona, Spain
Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).

35. Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.

36. Romance Branch Evolved from Latin
Italian, Portuguese, French, Spanish, Romanian
Italian
Portuguese
French
Spanish
Romanian
Reason for differences is isolation of the countries in which the languages are spoken

37. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European:
Cannot be proven with certainty
All Indo-European languages share certain similar words
Linguists agree that it existed but disagree on when and where the language originated and the process of diffusion

38. Two Theories of Proto-Indo-European
Kurgan Theory
Nomadic herders
Migrated in search of grasslands
Conquered much of Europe and South Asia

39. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

40. Two Theories of Proto-Indo-European
Anatolian
Migrated for agricultural reasons
Not military conquest
language flourished b/c grew food not hunting

41. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin
Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

42. Distribution of Language Families
2nd largest family- Sino-Tibetan
People’s Republic of China- world’s most populous state
Sinitic Branch
Austro-Thai and Tibetan-Burman two smaller branches

43. Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Branch Other Sinitic languages spoken in China
No single Chinese language
Most important- Mandarin (most used language in the world).
Official language of P.R.of C. and Taiwan
Other Sinitic languages spoken in China
Chinese govt. imposing Mandarin

44. Sino-Tibetan Source of national strength and unity
Words written the same way
420 one syllable words
Each sound denotes more than one thing
Ideograms- represent ideas or concepts, not specific pronunciation

45. Chinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

47. Other East and S.E. Asian Language Families
Japan and Korea have distinct language families
Japanese- written with Chinese ideograms but also 2 systems phonetic symbols
Korean- written in hankul (each letter represents a sound).
Vietnamese- most spoken language of Austro-Asiatic language family

48. Afro-Asiatic Language Family
Arabic and Hebrew
4th largest language family
Language used to write the holiest books of the 3 major world religions
Arabic major language- official language in 24 countries

50. African Language Families
1,000 distinct languages
Lack written tradition
Minimal interaction culturally
1800’s European missionaries starting recording

51. Language Families of Africa
Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

52. Niger-Congo
95% of Sub-Saharan Africa
Swahili

53. Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

54. Nilo-Saharan 6 branches Very few speakers
Very divided = problematic with classifying African languages

55. Khoisan Language Family
Southwest
Clicking sounds

56. Austronesian Language Family
Indonesia
Most widely used language Javanese

57. Nigeria: Conflict among speakers of different languages
Nigeria- most populous country in Africa
493 distinct languages
Great cultural diversity/language diversity in a small region

58. Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

59. Should English be the official language of the U.S.?
Debate continues over whether English should be the official language of the U.S. and whether schools should teach in languages other than English. Give an argument for school being taught only in English, and one supporting teaching with other languages in our schools. Which argument do you support, and why?

60. Why do People Preserve Local Languages?
Distribution of language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group
Competition trends of globalization and diversity

61. Preserving Language Diversity
Extinct languages- no longer spoken or read
516 extinct languages

62. Preserving Language Diversity
Hebrew
Extinct and revived
Diminished in 4th century B.C.
1948 became official language of Israel

63. Jerusalem Street sign
A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

64. Languages Die, but Not Their Last Word
1. How many languages are spoken today?
2. How do languages become extinct?
3. In what regions are languages disappearing most rapidly?
4. What continent’s spoke tongues are nearly all endangered?
5. Why do the Kallawaya have a secret language?
6. What language threatens the survival of the Northwest Pacific languages?
7. What have govt. officials in Siberia done for minority language speakers?
8. According to researchers, how fast are languages becoming extinct?

65. Multilingual States Belgium: Southern-French Northern- Dutch/Flemish
Language boundary divides country into two regions.
Economic/political differences

66. Language Divisions in Belgium
Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

67. Language Areas in Switzerland
Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

68. Multilingual States Switzerland:
Peacefully exists with multiple languages
Decentralized govt. – local authorities have most of the power
4 official languages- German, French, Italian, Romansh

69. Isolated Languages
Unrelated to any other and not attached to any language family
Similarities and differences in languages measure the degree of interaction among groups of people
Isolated languages lack interaction with speakers of other languages

70. Isolated Languages An unchanging language: Icelandic Indo-European
Little interaction
isolated

71. Global Dominance of English
Lingua franca- language of international communication
Facilitate trade- mixing of languages
Pidgin language- simplified form to communicate with speakers
English, Swahili, Indonesia, Russian

72. Ireland Road Signs
Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

73. Bookstore in Brussels, Belgium
The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

74. Expansion Diffusion of English
Past: migration and conquest
Current: expansion diffusion
Diffusion of new vocab, spelling, pronunciation
English words fusing with others.

75. Ebonics Combo of ebony and phonics
South Africans migrated to NE and Midwest
Double negatives
Controversial
Poor education
Preserving an element of African American culture

76. Diffusion to Other Languages
Franglias- mix of French and English
Controversial- language is a sense of national pride
Spaniglish- mix of Spanish and English
Modify spelling of words
Popular in popular culture
Enriches both English and Spanish
Denglish- English and Dutch

77. If you only learned a few things…
Language is the means of communication b/t people.
Many languages are dying out
Largest language family is Indo-European
Second largest is the Sino-Tibetan
Mandaran is the most spoken language in the world
Dialects are a form of language based on syntax, vocal, and speed.

78. French-English Boundary in Canada
Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

79. French Signs in Québec City

80. Spanish Signs in New York City

81. Use your book to describe the differences between British English and American English.
* include things such as pronunciation, vocab, and spelling
Pg 150
American slang vs. British slang
Ellen2