1. Contraception

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Which of the following contraceptive methods offers the best protection against pregnancy? Which offers the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases? A. Oral contraceptives B. Injectable contraceptives C. Male condoms D. Diaphragm with spermicidal foam
B and C. Injectable contraceptives are the most effective at preventing pregnancy; male condoms are the most effective against sexually transmitted diseases.
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Oral contraceptive users typically gain a significant amount of weight. True or False?
False. Oral contraceptive use is not associated with significant, if any, weight gain; if there is an effect, it is small and may be due to short-term fluid retention.
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Hand lotion, Vaseline, and baby oil are good choices for condom lubricants. True or False?
False. Only water-based lubricants such as K-Y jelly should be used as condom lubricants. Any product that contains mineral oil can cause latex condoms to disintegrate, beginning within 60 seconds of its being applied.
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About one in ten young people (age 15-24) reports having had unprotected sex because of the use of alcohol or other drugs. True or False?
False. The figure is about one in four. Mixing alcohol, drugs, and sex substantially increases the risk of unprotected sexual activity, unintended pregnancy, and STDs.
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Emergency contraception is now available without a prescription to women 18 and older. True or False?
True. In August 2006, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Plan B, an emergency contraception product, as an over-the-counter drug for women 18 and older. It is stocked behind the counter in pharmacies because proof of age is required to purchase it.
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Myth: Taking borrowed birth control pills for a few days before having sexual relations gives reliable protection against pregnancy.
Fact: Instructions for taking birth control pills must be followed carefully to provide effective contraception. With most pills, this means starting them with a menstrual period and then taking one every day.
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Myth: Pregnancy never occurs when unprotected intercourse takes place just before or just after a menstrual period.
Fact: Menstrual cycles may be irregular, and ovulation may occur at unpredictable times.
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Myth: During intercourse, sperm enter the vagina only during ejaculation and never before.
Fact: The small amounts of fluid secreted before ejaculation may contain sperm. This is why withdrawing the penis from the vagina just prior to ejaculation is not an effective method of contraception.
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Myth: If semen is deposited just outside the vaginal entrance, pregnancy cannot occur.
Fact: Although sperm usually live about 72 hours within the woman’s body, they can live up to 6 or 7 days and are capable of traveling through the vagina and up into the uterus and oviducts.
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Myth: Douching immediately after sexual relations can prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg.
Fact: During ejaculation (within the vagina), some sperm begin to enter the cervix and uterus. Because these sperm are not longer in the vagina, it is impossible to remove them by douching after sexual relations. Douching may actually push the sperm up farther.
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Myth: A woman who is breastfeeding does not have to use any contraceptive method to prevent pregnancy.
Fact: Frequent and regular breastfeeding may at times prevent ovulation, but not consistently and reliably. Ovulation and pregnancy may occur before the first period after delivering a baby.
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Myth: Women can’t become pregnant the first time they have intercourse.
Fact: Any time intercourse without protection takes place, sperm may unite with an egg to begin a pregnancy. There is nothing unique about first intercourse that prevents this.
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Myth: Taking a “rest” from the pill periodically is necessary for safety.
Fact: There are no known medical benefits from taking a prolonged break from oral contraceptive use; their risks and benefits of ongoing pill use should be evaluated for each individual. Pregnancy commonly occurs when one method of contraception is stopped and not immediately replaced by another method.
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15. Myth: Pregnancy is impossible if partners have sex while standing up.
Fact: Sperm can travel and reach the egg regardless of body position.
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Contraceptives
How Do They Work?
Contraceptives prevent conception by blocking the female’s egg from uniting with the male’s sperm, thereby preventing pregnancy.
Many contraceptive methods play a role in the prevention against sexually transmitted diseases.
Modern contraceptive methods are much more predictable and effective than in the past.
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17. Types of Contraception
Barrier methods
Hormonal methods
Natural methods
Surgical methods
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18. Oral Contraceptives (OCs)
Also known as Birth Control Pills
or “The Pill”
How does the Pill work?
Hormonal method
Contains hormones which are taken orally
Estrogen and Progesterone
Mimics the hormonal activity of the corpus luteum
Prevents ovulation from occurring
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The Pill
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20. Contraceptive Skin Patch
What is it?
Thin 13/4 inch square patch
How does it work?
Hormonal method
Releases estrogen and progesterone slowly into the bloodstream.
Prevents ovulation the same way as the pill
Worn for one week, replaced on the same day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fourth week no patch
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Orthoevra patch
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22. Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
Also known as the NuvaRing
What is it?
Resembles the rim of a diaphragm and is molded with progesterone and estrogen
How does it work?
Hormonal method
2 inch ring slowly releases the hormones
During fourth week, remove the ring and use a new ring after the fourth week.
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Nuvaring
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Nuvaring
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25. “Percent of boys using condoms for first experience on the rise”
1. What percent of boys say they are using condoms for the first time they have sex? 2. What was the U.S. teen birth rate in 2009 and how does that compare to the birth rate peak in 1991?
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26. Contraceptive Implants
Also known as Norplant; Jadelle (Norplant II); Implanon (2006), Nexplanon (2013)
What is it?
Flexible matchstick capsule
Implanted under the surface of the skin
How does it work?
Hormonal method
Contains Progesterone which inhibits ovulation
Gives protection for 3 years
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Nexplanon
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28. Injectable Contraceptive
Depo-Provera, Lunelle (2002 voluntary recall)
What is it?
Hormonal treatment
Injectable progesterone every 12 weeks
How does it work?
Prevents ovulation
It may take 12 months before cycle will return
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29. Emergency Contraceptive
Postcoital Pill, Morning After Pill, Plan B (OTC)
How does it work?
Hormonal method
Taken orally
Prevents uterine implantation
Needs to be taken within 72 hours. Best used within 24 hours
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30. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Two Types:
T-380A (ParaGard)
Levonorgestral (Mirena)
What is it?
Surgically implanted by a physician
5 years of protection-10 years of protection
How does it work?
Hormonal method
Release small amounts of progesterone to prevent ovulation
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IUD
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IUD
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33. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
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Male Condoms
What is it?
Thin latex sheaths
How does it work?
Barrier method
Can also offer protection against STD’s
Use with spermicide
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Male Condom
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Female Condom
Reality Brand
What is it?
Barrier method
Polyurethane sheath with two flexible rings
Can also offer protection against STD’s
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Female Condom
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Female Condom
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39. The Diaphragm with Spermicide
What is it?
Dome shaped cup of thin rubber stretched over a collapsible metal ring.
How does it work?
Barrier method
Custom fit by a physician
Use with spermicide
Following intercourse needs to be removed
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Diaphragm
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41. The Diaphragm with Spermicide
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Cervical Cap
What is it?
Small rubber or plastic cap
How does it work?
Barrier method
Custom fit by a physician
Use with spermicide
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Cervical Cap
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Contraceptive Sponge
What is it?
Round, absorbent device about 2 inches in diameter
How does it work?
Barrier method
Foam filled with spermicide
Inserted before intercourse
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Sponge
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Vaginal Spermicide
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Abstinence
Without intercourse or sexual activities
Natural method
Only 100% method of preventing pregnancy and STDs.
Benefits: more self respect and respect for others. Security that you are being pursued for sexual reasons. Less worry about STDs and Pregnancy.
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48. The Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) and Withdrawal Method
Natural Methods
Fertility Awareness Method
Also known as “Rhythm” method
Calendar method
Temperature method
Mucus method
Withdrawal Method
Combining methods
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49. The Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)
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50. Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Surgical method
Severing of the vasa deferentia
May return to work in 2 days
Semen tested in 12 weeks or 20 ejaculations
Reversal varies between 80% to 50%, depending on the report.
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51. Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
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Female Sterilization
Surgical method
Tubal sterilization (laparoscopy) is most common
Hysterectomy
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Female Sterilization
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54. Issues in Contraception
When is it Okay to Begin Having Sexual Relations?
Society’s approach
Changing of attitudes with the changing of time.
Answering personal questions.
Contraception and Gender Differences
Sexuality and Contraception Education for Teenagers
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55. Which Contraceptive Method is Right for You?
Appropriate method of birth control
Individual health risks
Implications of unplanned pregnancy
Risks of STDs
Convenience and comfort level
Type of relationship
Ease and Cost
Religious or other philosophical beliefs
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57. Contraception