1. String Escape Sequences
What if we wanted to print a double quote character?
The following line would confuse the compiler because it would interpret the second quote as the end of the string
System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");
An escape sequence is a series of characters that represents a special character
An escape sequence begins with a backslash character (\), which indicates that the character(s) that follow should be treated in a special way
System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");

2. Escape Sequences Some Java escape sequences: See Roses.java\b \t \n \r
\" \' \\
Meaning
backspace
tab
newline
carriage return
double quote
single quote
backslash
See Roses.java

3. title = new String ("Java Software“);
More on String Objects
Because strings are so common, we don't have to use the new operator to create a String object
title = "Java Software";
which is a shorcut for:
title = new String ("Java Software“);
This is special syntax that only works for strings
title
“Java Software"

4. Yet More on String Objects
Every string literal, delimited by double quotation marks, also represents an implicit String object in Java
A common service we want from string objects is to merge two strings, i.e., append one string to the end of another string
One possibility to join “hello ” and “world” could be:
“hello ”.join(“world”);
To have a more natural expression, Java introduces the string concatenation operator (+):
it is used to append one string to the end of another
for example
“hello “ + “world!” generates
“hello world!”
“hello”+”world!” is a shorthand of “hello ”.+(“world”)
See Facts.java

5. Primitive Data Types
Strings are just one type of common objects we encounter and are treated specially by Java
There are other basic (primitive) objects, such as integers etc
Java predefines classes for such basic types
for example, one predefined class is Integer:
To create an Integer (object): Integer wagePerHour = new Integer(10); System.out.println( wagePerHour );

6. Primitive Data Types
Although in pure object-oriented languages (such as Smalltalk and Ruby), we can consider everything as objects and defines everything as class, for efficiency, Java treats common objects such as numbers, characters, and logical values specially, and introduces them into the language as primitive data types
Note: this division between primitive types and objects is disliked by some programmers familiar with languages such as Smalltalk and Ruby where everything is an object

7. Primitive Data Types
There are exactly eight primitive data types in Java
four of them represent integers:
byte (class Byte), short (class Short), int (class Integer), long (class Long)
two of them represent floating point numbers
float (class Float), double (class Double)
one of them represents characters:
char (class Character)
and one of them represents boolean (logical) values:
boolean (class Boolean)

8. Numeric Primitive Data Types
byte, short, int, long, float, and double are numeric data types
The difference among the various numeric primitive types is their storage sizes and representations, and therefore the ranges and precision of the values they can store
To understand this, we need to have a rough understanding of computer memory storage

9. Memory
Primary storage area for programs and data
Also called RAM
RAM is divided into many cells; each cell can be identified by a numeric address
Main
Memory
Each memory cell has a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte); a bit can represent 2 values)
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
- how many values can a byte represent?
A computer can use more cells to store data, e.g., 2 bytes
- how many values can 2 bytes represent?

10. Numeric Primitive Data
“Objects” of different numeric data types occupy different number of cells
Type
byte
short
int
long
float
double
Storage
8 bits
16 bits
32 bits
64 bits
Min Value
-128
-32,768
-2,147,483,648
< -9 x 1018
+/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits
+/- 1.7 x with 15 significant digits
Max Value
127
32,767
2,147,483,647
> 9 x 1018
IEEE 754 format

11. Characters A char is a single character from a character set
A character set is an ordered list of characters; each character is given a unique number
Character literals are represented in a program by delimiting with single quotes:
'a‘ 'X‘ '7' '$‘ ',' '\n'

12. Character Sets The ASCII character set is quite popular. It includes:
Java uses the Unicode character set, a superset of ASCII
uses sixteen bits (2 bytes) per character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters
it is an international character set, containing symbols and characters from many languages
code chart can be found at:
uppercase letters
lowercase letters
punctuation
digits
special symbols
control characters
A, B, C, …
a, b, c, …
period, semi-colon, …
0, 1, 2, …
&, |, \, …
carriage return, tab, ...

13. Boolean A boolean value represents logical value: true or false
The reserved words true and false are the only valid values for a boolean type
A boolean can also be used to represent any two states, such as a light bulb being on or off

14. Multiple variables can be created in one declaration
Variables: Revisited
We already know that a variable must be declared, specifying the variable's name and the type of information that will be held in it
As of now, think of a variable as a name for a location in memory cell (we will revisit the concept later)
int total;
int count, temp, result;
Multiple variables can be created in one declaration
data type
variable name

15. Variables A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
String msg1 = new String( “Hello” );
String msg2 = “Hello” ;
When a variable is referenced in a program, its current value is used
See PianoKeys.java

16. Change the Value of a Variable: Assignment Statement
An assignment statement changes the value of a variable
The assignment operator is the = sign
total = 55;
The expression on the right is evaluated and the result is stored in the variable on the left
The value that was in total is overwritten
Remember: you can only assign a value to a variable that is consistent with the variable's declared type
See Geometry.java

17. Constants
A “constant variable” is an identifier that is similar to a variable except that it holds one value for its entire existence
Why constants:
give names to otherwise unclear literal values
facilitate changes to the code
prevent inadvertent errors
In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a variable constant, and the convention is to use all capital words to name a constant
final double PI = ;
The compiler will issue an error if you try to assign value to a constant variable after its declaration

18. Arithmetic Expressions
An expression is a combination of operators and operands
Arithmetic expressions (we will see logical expressions later) are essentially special methods applied to numerical data objects: compute numeric results and make use of the arithmetic operators:
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %

19. Division and Remainder
If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part is discarded)
14 / equals?
8 / equals?
The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder after dividing the second operand into the first
14 % equals?
8 % equals?