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Modal Auxiliary Verbs Similar Expressions

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1 Modal Auxiliary Verbs Similar Expressions
CHAPTER 5 Modal Auxiliary Verbs Similar Expressions 4/19/2017

2 To begin with Verbs are generally divided into two main classes:
Lexical Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are further divided into three groups: Principle Auxiliary Semi Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary e.g. all Dummies expressions e.g. Has to, Have to e.g. will, shall, can etc 4/19/2017

3 Continued: Modal Auxiliary Verbs: Are also called modal verbs. The term modal auxiliary is composed of two words. Modal and Auxiliary 1.Modal is translated into two ways: According to grammar modal means mood or state.   According to grammar auxiliary means helping or helpful. So, modal auxiliary basically means helping mood or verb. In English grammar modal auxiliary verbs are used for the following purposes: A: To show the mood of verb in a sentence. e.g. He can cook fried chicken.  Note: In above example the word (can) is modal auxiliary verb showing ability. So this ability by itself is a mood. 4/19/2017

4 Continued: Modal auxiliary verbs are used to add additional meaning to the main verb of the sentence such as: Ability, Possibility, advisability, necessity, permission, request, suggestion… E.g. I speak English. I can speak English. 4/19/2017

5 Usages of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Primary Usage: The most common use of the modals is called primary usage. Can: Ability E.g. I can drive a truck. Secondary Usages: The other usages of modals are called secondary usage. Can: Possibility, Permission, Request E.g. Can I use your phone please? (class examples) 4/19/2017

6 Similar Expressions and Semi-Modals
Expressions which are used to substitute the modals with the same meaning are called similar expressions to modals. E.g. Be able to, Be supposed to, Be going to (class examples) ************************************************* Words that somehow have the characteristics of modals are called Semi-modals. E.g. Need, Dare (class examples ) 4/19/2017

7 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB should (e) Inga should go inside. had better (f) You had better go inside. must (g) He must be gentle with the cat. will (h) They will attend the recital. would (i) I would like to meet her.

8 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may might had better not followed by to Inga can to play the violin.

9 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may might had better no final -s Inga can plays the violin.

10 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may might had better not in past form Inga can played the violin.

11 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB could must would can should will may might had better not in -ing form Inga can playing the violin.

12 Expressing Ability We use Can, Could, =Be able to
We can use “can=be able to” for present ability. E.g. I can speak French. I am able to speak French. Use of “ COULD” We can use “could=be able to” for past ability. E.g. I could play cricket when I was a kid. I was able to play cricket two years ago. John is not here. He could be at the room. ( present possibility) Its cloudy today. It could rain any time. ( future possibility) (class practice) (class practice for secondary usage of Could?) We can also use “can=be able to” for future ability. For example: ? 4/19/2017

13 Alternatives for “could”
Could I open the door? Should I open the door? May I open the door? Shall I open the door ? 4/19/2017

14 I Rewrite the sentences. Use “CAN” for ability.
He’s able to drive a car. My daughter is capable of playing piano beautifully. She’s an excellent secretary. She has the ability to type 80 words a minute. He can drive a car. My daughter can play piano beautifully. She can type 80 words a minute. class examples

15 “can” to be used to show ability
Most adults are unable to use a computer. A recent investigation shows that 65% of high school students don’t know how to use a calculator. Only 2% of Chileans are able to speak English fluently. students examples Most adults can’t use a computer. ... 65% of high school students can’t use a calculator. Only 2% of Chileans can speak English fluently.

16 Different ways to express ability
Can Be able to Be capable of (ING) Have the ability to Know how to e.g I (can/am able to/have the ability to/am capable of/know how to) drive a car.

17 CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY
e.g. The price may / can be found at the back of the book. (It’s possible to find the price at the back of the book)

18 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
(f) Maybe it will snow tomorrow. COMPARE (g) Maybe the test will be hard. (h) The test may be hard. maybe “possibly” beginning of sentence adverb verb may be = may + the main verb be (class practice) Note: “Maybe” together as Adverb while “May be” separately as Verb

19 II Rewrite the sentences. Use “MAY” or “CAN” for possibility.
Written class practice II Rewrite the sentences. Use “MAY” or “CAN” for possibility. Due to the repairs, trains are possibly subject to delay. 2. It’s possible that we face an energy crisis this winter. Maybe we’ll change room for the next test since the room is very small. Note: “May” and “Might” express possibility in the present or in the future. For example A. It may rain tomorrow B. It might rain tomorrow. Due to the repairs, trains may be subject to delay. We may face an energy crisis this winter. We may change room for the next test since the room ...

20 Continued Perhaps agronomists will have to test the soil because they’ve found traces of pollutants. Let’s not wait any longer. It’s possible that he won’t come today. It’s possible that ships won’t dock in the harbor because of the rain. Agronomists may have to test the soil because ... He may not come today. Ships may not dock in the harbor because of the rain.

21 CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION.
For example: You can / may speak to the patient just a few minutes. (You’re allowed to speak to the patient just a few minutes)

22 Asking for Permission We can use May, Can, Could,
When these auxiliaries are used before the subject, it means that the speaker is making a request. E.g. May/can/could I come in? Note: “May” and “Might” express possibility in the present or in the future. For example It may rain tomorrow. It might rain tomorrow. 4/19/2017

23 “May, Can and Could” “May” and “Could” however are more formal and more polite as compared to “Can”. Examples: Can I come in ? May I come in please? Could I come in please? Class practice for “ Can” and “May” 4/19/2017

24 POLITE QUESTION POLITE ANSWERS
POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU POLITE QUESTION POLITE ANSWERS (a) Would you please explain that again? Yes. Sure. Uh-huh. (b) Could you please explain that again? Yes. Of course. (c) Will you please explain that again? Certainly. Okay. (d) Can you please explain that again? Of course. I’d be glad to. I’m sorry. I don’t have time. basically the same meaning

25 Common usages of “Should, ought to, must”:
EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER should ought to had better (a) I have a headache. I take a nap. should ought to had better same meaning good idea, good advice Common usages of “Should, ought to, must”:

26 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER
(b) He’d better be careful. His pan is on fire! Had better usually = warning

27 LET’S PRACTICE You’d better quit watching TV all day.
Possible bad results? eat too much catch a cold hurt your eyes not study enough not exercise enough

28 LET’S PRACTICE He’d better not walk there. Possible bad results? 
fall get hurt get the flu be embarrassed fail a test

29 LET’S PRACTICE He’d better stay awake in school. Possible bad results?
miss something get hurt get in trouble fail a test get the flu

30 This man has to wear ear protection.
EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST This man has to wear ear protection.

31 PRONUNCIATION EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(h) I have to (“hafta”) call my mom. (i) Jason has to (“hasta”) work tomorrow. (j) I’ve got to (“gotta”) cook dinner tonight. /hӕftә/ or /hӕftu/ /hӕstә/ or /hӕstu/ /gadә/ or /gәtә/

32 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(a) I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school. have to have got to must have to have got to had better same meaning something is necessary

33 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(b) I have to go to soccer practice. (c) We’ve got to go home. (d) Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane. have to have got to must common informal conversation written instructions

34 (c) Site down and waite until the result is announced.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES COMMAND REQUEST DIRECTIONS (a) Sit down! (b) Sit down, please. (c) Site down and waite until the result is announced. give commands make polite requests give directions imperative sentences


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