1. ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable Energy Technology Wind Energy Technology Unit 8 Source:

2. Use Policy  This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.  All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes. Source:

3. Author, Editors/Reviewers  Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College  Editors/Reviewers / Modifier:  Chris Miller Heartland Community College Source:

4. Objectives  Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, at least three different styles of “prime mover” used to convert linear air movement (wind) into rotational shaft movement.  Students will be able to briefly describe, in very simple terms, at least two of the basic criteria for properly siting a modern wind turbine. Source:

5. Objectives  Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, how change in wind speed affects the output of a modern wind-driven generator.  Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, three different size-groups of modern wind turbines and their typical applications. Source:

6. Objectives  Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, at least three advantages and three disadvantages, to a local community, relative to the local construction of a commercial wind farm. Source:

7. One of the Earliest Applications of Wind Power Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/images/WINDENERGY1.gif

8. Wind Energy History  5000 BC – Wind-driven sail boats were moving on the Nile River  200 BC – Wind-powered pumps were moving water in China;  and, sail-wing windmills (with woven-reed sails) were used in Persia and the Middle East

9. What is a mill?  Mill (noun):  a. A building equipped with machinery for grinding grain into flour or meal.  b. A device or mechanism that grinds grain.  Mill (verb):  a. To grind, pulverize, or break down into smaller particles.

10. Driving a Mill Horse-Powered vs. Wind-Powered Source: http://www.tvnet.lv/men/images/upload/04.jpg

11. The Term “Mill” Stuck… Wind “Mill” pumps have been used for centuries in the Netherlands.

12. Windmills to Drive Generators  Charles Bruch – GE, Cleveland, OH  Brush Windmill – 1888  50’ diameter  144 cedar blades  12KW generator  Battery charger Source: http://ecoinventos.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/220237i1.jpg Source: http://centros5.pntic.mec.es /ies.victoria.kent/Rincon- C/Curiosid/rc- 74/image006.jpg

13. How to Divert Wind Energy  Vertical Axis Machines  Simplest  Least efficient  Horizontal Axis Machines  Requires “yaw” control – face the wind  Can be “upwind” or “downwind”  Drag-type blades – applies to both V and H  Lift-type airfoils – applies to both V and H

14. Drag vs. Lift Linear wind PUSHES against angled surface and resulting force vectors create torque.

15. Drag vs. Lift  Lift-type airfoils use the Bournelli Effect.  Single-sided vs. true airfoil Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/liftmovi.gif

16. Machine Types – VA va HA Source: http://www.redriven.net/skin1/images/wtconfig.gif

17. Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis  Vertical axis machines do not care which direction the wind is from.  Simple, but inefficient.  Unless shrouded, they fight themselves.

18. Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis  Vertical requires yaw control and often a mechanical power transmission.  More complex.  More efficient. Source: http://www.acsaeolica.com/img/productos_torre06.jpg

19. Savonius – Vertical Axis, Drag Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/Savonius-Wind-Turbines.htm

20. Darius – Vertical Axis, Lift Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/darrieus-rotor.jpg

21. Midwest Windpumper -- Drag

22. Modern Windgennie -- Lift Source: http://i.treehugger.com/files/airx.jpg

23. Upwind vs Downwind Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99- 0226-01/sotovento.jpg Source: http://hensonelectric.com/Excel.Color.jpg

24. 2-Blade vs. 3-Blade (vs. 1Blade?) Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_PpVQS40h- MA/R5j4vqOuD9I/AAAAAAAAAKA/F3sOpAGsZdc/s320/aerogerador% 2Bmoinho%2Bvento.jpg

25. Wind-Driven Electrical Generators  PM Field DC Generators  Smaller machines  Battery charging and inversion  PM Field AC Alternators  “Wild” AC  Rectified for battery charging and inversion  Synchronous Alternators  Larger machines  Often 3-phase  Grid-tied, only

26. Modern Wind Generators  Horizontal axis  3-bladed  True airfoil  Loss-of-load protection  Modern electronics  High Wind protection  Yaw control  Pitch control

27. Modern Wind Generators Source: http://www.testek.com/images/diagram.gif

28. High-Wind Yaw Control  High winds mechanically force the face of the turbine away from the direct force of the wind.  Some machines rotate face sideways.  Some machines tilt face back toward the sky.

29. Pitch Control – relies on “Stall” PLC Control maintains constant rpm needed for AC grid-tie machines. Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/stallmov.gif Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99- 0226-01/pitchmo.gif

30. Wind Siting – Wind Speed is CRITICAL  Power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed…(wind speed) 3 !

31. Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Speed Estimates Source: http://www.seps.sk/zp/fond/2002/vietor/enq2.jpg

32. Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Maps

33. Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Rose  Wide wedges gives the relative frequency of each of the 12 wind directions.  2 nd wedge tells how much each sector contributes to the average wind speed.  Red wedge how much each sector contributes to the energy content of the wind. Source: www.windpower.org

34. Wind Turbine Siting – Terrain Effects  Laminar flow vs turbulent flow  Roughness and obstacles  Laminar flow (straight-line) winds are available aloft.  Rule of Thumb:  Bottom of turbine’s swept area should be 30’ to 50’ above anything within a 300’ horizontal radius.  Power-cubed – wind-speed relationship…taller tower is cheaper than heavier machine with heavier tower.

35. Speed up effect  Hill effect

36. Speed up effects  Tunnel effect

37. Sizes and Applications  Small wind – residential  10KW and less  Small wind – commercial  100KW and less  Large wind – commercial wind farms, industrial applications

38. Small wind issues  Suitable wind resource  Sufficient property/space  Allowed by zoning  Accepted by neighbors  Technical ability of the owner to maintain the machine  Tower types – monopole, lattice, guyed, tilt-up

39. Tower types Source: http://www.northerntool.com/images/product/images/339987_m ed.gif

65. Commercial wind siting  Same as small wind, plus…  Sufficient participating land owners  Proper zoning ordinance  Special Use Permit Application  County Planning Commission  County Zoning Board of Appeals  County Board  Special Use Permit Granted  Building Permit Application and Approval

66. Commercial Wind issues  Shadow Flicker  Blade Glimmer  Amplitude Modulation Noise  Infrasound  Disturbance of the natural vista  Vibro-Acoustic Disease/Wind Turbine Syndrome  TV and Communications Interference

67. Interesting Experiences

68. Future? Maglev Wind Turbine Source: http://www.technogeek.ro/images/turbina_maglev.jpg