1. Introduction 1. MSc (1994): Punjab University Specialization: Applied Mathematics 2. MS /M.Phil (2006): COMSATS, Islamabad Specialization: Applied Mathematics Title of Thesis: Couette and Poisuille Flows for Non-Newtonian Fluids 3. PhD (2012): COMSATS, Islamabad Specialization: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Title of Thesis: Computations of Compressible Two-Phase Flow Models Total 16 years teaching research experience. Present position: Assistant Professor, CIIT, Islamabad,

2. Differential Equations MTH 242 Lecture # 01 Dr. Manshoor Ahmed

3. Motivation Why do we study this course? The subject of differential equations is an extremely important one in mathematics and science, as well as many other branches of studies (engineering, economics, commerce) in which changes occur and in which predictions are desirable. In most such circumstances, the systems studied come with some kind of "Natural Laws", or observations that, when translated into the language of mathematics, become differential equations.

4. Introduction to the course Main topics Basic definitions and terminology. First Order Differential Equations and their Applications. Higher Order Linear Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients. Second Order Linear Homogeneous and non-homogeneous Differential Equations with variable Coefficients. Series Solution of Differential Equations. Bessel Equation, Legendre’s Equation. System of Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations. Partial Differential Equations, First Order Partial Differential Equations and their solutions. Second Order Partial Differential Equations and their classifications. Two Dimensional Partial Differential Equations and their Solutions.

5. 5 Core Text: A First Course in Differential Equations with Modelling Applications By Dennis G. Zill [7th Edition] Additional reading: 1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig, 8th Ed. 2. Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value problems by William E. Boyce & Richard C. DiPrima [7th Edition] Books Recommended

6. Definitions and basic terminology What is a differential equation? Definition: An equation containing the derivatives of one or more dependent variables, with respect to one or more independent variables, is said to be a differential equation (DE). Examples: There is one differential equation that everybody probably knows that is Newton’s 2nd law of motion. If an object of mass m is moving with acceleration a and being acted on with force F, then Newton’s 2nd law tells us Since, we can write acceleration as

7. So, with all these things in mind Newton’s 2nd law can now be written as differential equation in terms of either the velocity v or the position u of the object as follows: These are actually the differential equations.

8. Classification by type Ordinary differential equation: If an equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more variables with respect to a single independent variable, it is said to be an ordinary differential equation (ODE). Examples

9. Partial differential equation: An equation involving partial derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to two or more independent variables is called a partial differential equation (PDE). Examples

10. Classification by order Definition: The order of a differential equation (either ODE or PDE) is the order of the highest derivative in the equation. Examples

11. In symbols we can express an nth-order ordinary differential equation in one dependent variable by the general form

12. Definition : The degree of a differential equation is the greatest exponent of the highest order derivative that appears in the equation. (The dependent variable and its derivatives should be expressed in a form free of radicals and fractions). Examples

13. Classification by linearity Definition : A differential equation is said to be linear if it can be written in the form It should be observed that linear differential equations are characterized by two properties: i)The dependent variable y and all its derivatives are of the first degree, i.e. the power of each term involving y is one. ii) Each coefficient depends on only the variable x or function of x only. Definition : An equation that is not linear is said to be non-linear

14. Examples

15. Practice Questions Exercise 1.1 Questions 1-8 A First Course in Differential Equations with Modelling Applications By Dennis G. Zill [7th Edition]

16. Summary Motivation and introduction. What is a differential equation? Classification by types. Classification by order. Degree of the DE. Classification by linearity.