2. EE3721 Computer System Principles Academic Year 2012/2013 HD Subject Code – EE3721 Lecturer – Raymond Cheung Office email: 1

3. Lab. Schedule Commence in week 3 () A short briefing will be provided before the session Form your own group and with 2 students per group 2

4. Computer System Engineering Reference Textbook – The Intel Microprocess …, Prentice-hall, Barry Brey. ISBN 0-13-060714-2 Intel Microprocessors: Architecture, Programming and Interfacing, Ray & Bhurchandi, McGrawHill, ISBN 0-07-120169-6 Pentium Processor System Architecture-2nd Editions, Don Anderson/Tom Shanley-Mindshare, Inc. – Latest edition for the above titles 3

5. Reference books IBM PC Assembly Language and Programming - Fourth Edition (Peter Abel - Prentice-Hall International Inc.) The 8086 and 80286 Microprocessors Hardware, Software and Interfacing (A. Singh, W.A. Triebel, Prentice-Hall) 4

6. Teaching materials Available in WebCT web site (to be announced when available) 5

7. Related Topics Computer Architectures of microprocessors (2.5 weeks) Assembly Language programming (3 weeks) Memory system overview (2 weeks) Input/Output mechanism (2 weeks) Other computing supporting facilities: interrupt (1.5 weeks), communication (1.5 weeks) 6

8. Assessment methods Continuous assessment (40%) – Performance in Lab and online exercises (15%) – Lab report (10%) – Quiz (usually only 1 test or quiz) (usually around week 8 or 9) (15%) Examine (60%) 7

9. Criteria Reference Assessment Pass (D/D+) – Some understanding of assembly language programming – Some understanding of other topics Grade C/C+ – Able to write simple assembly language programs – Able to demonstrate in-depth understanding of certain topics Grade B/B+ – Able to write assembly language program to achieve specific tasks – Able to demonstrate in-depth understanding for most topics Grade A/A+ – Able to write assembly language program – Able to demonstrate in-depth understanding of all topics – Able to apply knowledge learnt to solve real-life problems 8

10. Objectives To understand the basic principles (hardware components) of a computer system To learn how to control a computer system using assembly language To learn how to design a simple computer system (eg for the development of an electronic mouse, robot, simple control system for your project) 9

11. Learning outcomes 1. Given specifications of an application and the instruction set of the microprocessor, design an assembly program to carry out the necessary operations 2. able to appreciate advanced features of the latest microprocessors 3. given a set of conditions, design a simple computer system 4. able to think logically and be able to present results 10

12. Thing that you can do after this 11

13. More thing that you can do 12

14. What is a computer ????? Nowadays, computer comes in different forms!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! In this subject, we try to learn the generic form of a computer!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! If you are willing to spend your time, it is possible to build your own computing interface 13

15. What is a computer? 14

16. Different forms of computer Can you think of a real-life example that involves the application of a microprocessor or a computer? 15

17. Computer is a digital system Computer is a combination of digital and analogue systems, but mainly digital So to learn this subject, you also need to understand basic digital system as well as binary number system 16

18. Number systems (revision) The microprocessor (µP) is a binary device, everything inside the microprocessor is represented by 0 and 1. The most direct number system used inside the microprocessor is the binary system (base 2) with only 0 and 1, for example 01010101. Each digit in the number represents a value in power of 2, starting from the RHS (Right hand side). The first digit is 2 0, then 2 1, 2 2, etc. Usually, the most RHS bit is also called the LSB (least significant bit) while the most LHS bit is the MSB (most significant bit). So the value 01010101 = 0x2 7 + 1x2 6 + 0x2 5 + 1x2 4 + 0x2 3 + 1x2 2 + 0x2 1 + 1x2 0 = 64+16+4+1 = 85 17

19. Number system In base 10 – 123 = 1x10 2 + 2x10 1 + 3x10 0 In subtraction 0-1 = -1 but there is no (-) sign in binary system so the answer is 11. The first “1” is called the borrow bit In addition 1+1 = 10 the first “1” is called the carry bit How about 01+01 = 10 is there a carry? 18

20. Number system In addition, we use the term byte to represent an 8- bit data and the term word to represent 16-bit value, for a 32-bit value, it is called double word. If we want to represent a very large number then we need to use many bits and this is not very convenient. Therefore we usually use number systems derived from the binary system and the most commonly used number system are Octal (base 8) and hexademical (base 16) usually we just use the term Hex. 19

21. Hex number system In octal, only digits from 0 to 7 will be used and in hexadecimal, we use 0 to 9 and A, B, C, D, E, F to represent the values. A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15 To convert, from a binary number to a hex, it can be done very easily, starting from the RHS, every 4-bit from the binary number can be converted directly into a hex digit. For example: 0101 0101 is equal to 55 H (H == hexadecimal), we have two 4-bit groups 0101 and 0101. The value 0101 = 5 so the binary pattern is 55 H (in Hex). Example: 1100 0111 1010 1011 = C 7 A B H To convert back ABCD H = 1010 1011 1100 1101 20

22. Unsigned and signed numbers If a binary pattern represents both positive as well as negative values then it is regarded as signed, otherwise, it is unsigned (only positive). There are two types of signed notations, using a sign bit (usually the most LHS bit) and 2’s complement. For example using the LHS bit as a sign-bit, (0 is positive; 1 – negative ) 10101010 = -42 while 00101010 = 42 21

23. 2’s complement Usually the 2’s complement system is used. To convert a value X to –X using 2’s complement, we first do a 1’s complement of X and then add 1 to the result. The 1’s complement of a binary value is to invert its 0’s and 1’s. Example: X = 00101010 = 42 first convert X using 1’s complement gives 11010101 then add 1 to the result, i.e. 11010101 + 1 = 11010110 = -42 (comparing 10101010 ) 22

24. Floating point representation As mentioned above, each digit in a binary pattern represents a value in the power of 2. In a floating point format, the digits after the decimal point represent value 2 -1, 2 -2, etc. Example, 0. 1010 = 1x2 -1 +0x2 -2 +1x2 -3 +0x2 -4 = 0.5+0.125 = 0.625 How to represent signed floating point values will be discussed in later stage. 23

25. Floating-point format Floating-point numbers are represented in the form X = ±F 10 ±E F is called the fraction (or mantissa) and E is the exponent example: Floating-point number is usually represented in two standard (defined by IEEE ) 32-bit (single precision) and 64-bit (double precision). A 80-bit (extended precision) standard is also available. 24

26. IEEE Floating-point standard For single precision – There are 23 bits for fraction and 8 bits exponent and 1 sign bit For double precision – There are 52 bits fraction, 11 bits exponent and 1 sign bit The bit formation is sign Exp. Fraction 25

27. Floating-point arithmetic Using the format ±F 2 ±E can implement floating point arithmetic very easily X = a x 2 b Y = c x 2 d X*Y = (a* c)* 2 ( b+d ) X/Y = (a/c )* 2 ( b-d ) How about X+Y and X-Y ?????? 26

28. Example of floating point Given 11011101.1 express the value in binary format using single precision floating-point format – First convert the value into the format 1.XXX*2 y – 11011101.1 = 1.10111011 x 2 7 – So the exponent is 2 and the fraction is 1.10111011 – As all floating-point values always come with the ‘1.’ so the ‘1.’ is not stored and only 10111011 is saved!!!! – 0 10000110 10111011000000000000… Biased exponent = 7+127 = 134 27

29. Characters In addition to values, characters are also represented using binary codes usually in ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code. 28

30. ASCII table A = 41H ; a = 61H so a>A 29

31. Chinese characters There are several ways of representing Chinese characters in computer – Unicode – Big5 – GB2312-80 (Simplified Chinese) Your computer will need to have proper font installed in order to display the corresponding characters 30

32. Chinese characters (Big 5) Big 5 is the character encoding standard most commonly used for traditional Chinese characters. Regions / countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong are using this encoding standard. GB is for simplified Chinese characters Every Chinese Character is represented by a two byte code. The first byte ranges from 0x81 to 0xFE, while the second byte ranges from 0x40 to 0x7E, 0xA1 to 0xFE. Thus, in a document that contain Chinese characters and regular ASCII characters, the ASCII characters are still represented with a single byte. 31

33. Big 5 Chinese characters AddressCharacter A640H 共 AF66H 病 A741H 你 AA46H 東 http://www.khngai.com/chinese/charmap/tblbig.php 32

34. Exercises Convert the number -4.5 into a IEEE 32-bit floating-point pattern Convert 9 into a IEEE 32-bit floating point Without using a calculator, determine 01010010 + 10101101 Without using a calculator, determine 01010010 – 10101101 What is (a-B)? 33

35. Revision exercises What is a Bit, a byte, a word, one K, one M What is Hex, Oct, binary Do you know how to convert a number into different base systems without using a calculator? Binary number notation (10101010 = ???) How many different values can be represented by a 8-bit pattern? Hexadecimal A = ??? How to convert binary 1101010101110101 to Hex? CF H (Hex) = ??? 34

36. More exercises How to present negative values in binary number system? How about using binary system to represent a floating number??? What is ASCII? What is BCD? What is a string??? Do you know how to program in C/C++, Fortran, Java, assembly language etc ??? Do you know what is a multiplexer, register, latch? Referring to the block diagram of a memory, do you know what is an address; what is data? 35