1. 1 Evolution of the Earth GLY 2010 – Summer 2015 aka Physical Geology

2. 2 “As the radius of the circle of light grows larger, so does the circumference of the ring of darkness around it.” Albert Einstein

3. 3 What Are The Geo Sciences?

4. 4 Origin of “Geology” Meaning: The study of the Earth From Greek ge and –logia

5. 5 How Do We Study The Earth? Use techniques of many fields  Physics  Chemistry  Biology  Mathematics

6. 6 What Geologists Study 1. The materials of which Earth is made 2. The processes that act, and have acted, on these materials 3. The products formed by these actions 4. History of the planet and its life forms since its origin

7. 7 Where is Geology Studied? In the laboratory

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9. 9 Junior Field Camp, 2005 In the field – photo courtesy Dr. Anton Oleinik

10. 10 What Is Physical Geology? A broad division of geology that concerns itself with the processes and forces involved in the inorganic evolution of the Earth and its morphology, and with its constituent minerals, rocks, magmas, and core materials.

11. 11 External Clues EETA 79001 meteorite, was found on the ice in Antarctica, and is quite likely from Mars.

12. 12 Topics Covered in Course

13. 13 Materials The Composition of the Earth Minerals Rocks

14. 14 Geologic Processes Weathering Erosion Transport of sediment Volcanism Seismic activity (earthquakes)

15. 15 Geologic Agents Water Plate movements Energy transfers

16. 16 Natural Hazards Examples:  Earthquakes  Tsunamis  Volcanoes  Sinkholes  Subsidence

17. 17 Natural Resources Metals Energy Water

18. 18 Energy Resources Balance exploitation of the earth with environmental protection  Petroleum resources are diminishing Preparing for a change in energy resources Coal usage is diminishing in response to climate change

19. 19 Landforms Arid Region Glacial Coastal

20. 20 Importance of Geologic Research Earth’s population is over 7.25 billion people, as of June 22, 2015 Demand for water, food, and natural resources is putting an incredible strain on the planet What is the sustainable limit? Research can help to answer this question What other areas of research are providing vital information?

21. 21 Climate Change The issue of climate change has been hotly debated The climate is warming, and man is the cause The effects of warming, as well as secondary effects, are being actively studied

22. 22 Climate Change Implications Precipitation will increase globally, but some areas will experience increased drought Sea-level will continue to rise, probably at a quickly accelerating rate Melting of permafrost, with associated emission of more greenhouse gas Subsidence in coastal regions and areas of permafrost

23. 23 Climatology Global warming, caused by emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is raising global temperatures How has climate varied over longer periods of time? Geologic studies can help provide reliable data Data from ice cores, tree rings, pollen grains, marine sediments, lake sediments, stalactites and stalagmites, and others are studied

24. 24 Foram Image Scanning electron microscope image of a foram Forams can provide clues to past climates

25. 25 Plate Tectonics Unifying theory for the earth sciences Impacts all aspects of geology Aids understanding of many phenomena previously misunderstood Based on Alfred Wegener’s concept of Continental Drift, first proposed in 1912

26. 26 Environmental Problems Disposal of hazardous waste, especially spent nuclear fuel Demand for additional energy and mineral resources Cleanup of existing mining sites which have produced pollution Cleanup of other environmental contamination Demand for additional clean water sources Air quality issues

27. 27 Academic vs. Applied Research As budgets tighten, there is a tendency to favor applied research, which has a goal of an achievable result that will benefit society Academic research may seem to be of interest to only a few people in the world, with no practical benefit whatsoever This attitude would have denied us penicillin, transistors, and many other things we take for granted

28. 28 Geology and Other Disciplines Frequency of severe hurricanes in the North Atlantic over time – how can we measure hurricanes without written records? Could Napoleon's desire to conquer Britain have been thwarted by a geologic event?

29. 29 Jobs in Geology Formerly a cyclical industry Expansion into new areas has increased job opportunities Stepping stone to employment in other areas

30. 30 Job Prospects - 1 Demand for environmental scientists and hydrologists will be spurred by public policy, which will oblige companies and organizations to comply with complex environmental laws and regulations, particularly those regarding ground-water decontamination, clean air, and flood control

31. Job Prospects - 2 Job opportunities also will be spurred by a continued general awareness regarding the need to monitor the quality of the environment, to interpret the impact of human actions on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and to develop strategies for restoring ecosystems 31

32. Job Prospects - 3 The median annual wage of geoscientists was $90,890 in May 2012 Employment of geoscientists is projected to grow by 16.1 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than the average for all occupations The need for energy, environmental protection, and responsible land and resource management is projected to spur demand for geoscientists in the future. 32

33. Educational Requirements A bachelor's degree is adequate for a few entry-level positions Most geoscientists and hydrologists need a master's degree, which is the preferred educational requirement for most research positions in private industry, Federal agencies, and State geological surveys More than half of the states require a license to practice geology A Ph.D. is necessary for most high-level research and college teaching positions, but is generally not required for other jobs 33

34. 34 Job Transfer to Other Countries It is nearly impossible to transfer jobs in geology overseas Work must be done on-site Geology jobs are available world-wide

35. First Geologists in the White House Herbert Hoover, thirty- first president of the United States Geology degree from Stanford in 1895

36. 36 Lou Henry Hoover Graduated from Stanford University, 1898 One of the first Geology degrees awarded to a woman in the United States

37. Geologic Sampling 37 Click to play video

38. 38 Careers for Geoscientists Click to play video