1. VERBS TENSES

2. The simple present expresses: daily habit, usual activities, and general statements of fact:  Ann takes a shower every day.  I usually read the newspaper in the morning.  Birds fly.  It doesn’t snow in Tangerang.  Does the teacher speak slowly?

3. Frequency adverbs usually occur in the middle of a sentence and have special positions: always, almost always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, almost never, not ever, never). The underlined adverbs above may also occur at the beginning or end of a sentence: I sometimes get up at 5:30. Sometimes I get up at 5:30. I get up at 5 :30 sometimes Frequency adverbs usually come between the subject and the simple present vers Karen always tells the truth. Frequensi adbers follow be (am, is, are ) Karen is always on time.

4. In a question, frequency adverbs come directly after the subject  Do you always eat breakfast? In a negative sentence, frequency advers come in front of negative verbs (except always and ever)  Anne usually doesn’t eat breakfast.  Susi doesn’t always eat breakfast.  Anna never eats meat.  [Negative adverbs (seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never) are not used with negative verbs]  Do you ever take the bus to work?  I don’t ever walk to work.  (ever is not used in statements)

5.  He listens to the radio every evening.  She gets up early in the morning.  (final –s is added)  Mr. Bill watches game show on TV every evening.  She washes the clothes every day.  John kisses his wife every day before he leaves for the office.  The mechanic fixes the car carefully.  Tony goes to school by bus every morning.  (final-es is added)  My mother fries some eggs every morning.  (change the –y to –I and add –es)  Julia enjoys dancing.

6. GENERAL TRUTHS (includs the laws or principles of the physical and the social sciences) 1. The earth revolves around the sun. 2.The sun rises inthe east and sets in the west CUSTOM (includes the habitual action of nations, communities, groups, individuals) 1. The English frequently drink tea in the afternoon. 2. She takes her umbrella with her when it rains.

7. LINKING VERS (be, seem, appear, look) She seems to be very tired today He looks very angry ‘ VERB of PERSPTION (feel, taste, smell, see, hear) The skin feels smooth VERBS INDICATING a MENTAL STATE or CONDITION (agree, believe, consider, guess, hesitate, imagine, know, prefer, realize, remeber, suppose, trust, want, wish) I believe that you can come VERBS EXPRESSING an EMOTIONAL STATE (admire, appreciate, care, like, love, regret, trust) He admires his father more than he will admit

8. OTHER NON-ACTION VERBS (belong, contain, depend, equal, have, hold, indicate, mean, need, owe, require, resemble, tend) This grammar book belongs to me.

9. WITH VERBS LIKE (come, go, arrive, depart) The plane leaves tommorow morning. He arrives here tommorow. WITH VERBS IN TIME CLAUSES or CONDITIONAL CLAUSES If I finish my work early, I,ll go to the movies tonight. WITH VERBS FOR USE FOR ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SCHEDULED EVENTS Our club gives its annual dinner next week.

10.  The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is occurring, is happening) right now.  The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sntence.  The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably contnue into the future.

11.  I am reading my english grammar book right now.  Jimmy and Susie are babies. They are crying. I can hear them right now. Maybe they are hungry.  It is not (isn’t) snowing in Jakarta.  Is the teacher speaking right now?

12.  Some verbs are not used in progressive tenses.  These verbs are called “non-action verbs”, “stative verbs” or “nonprogressive verbs.  They express the situation that exists, not an action in progress.  They are: hear, see, sound, believe, think, understand, know, be, exist, own, have, possess, belong, need, want, prefer, like, love, hate, forget, remember.

13. I know Mr. Bean INCORRECT: I am knowing Mr. Bean I am hungry. I want a sandwich INCORRECT: I am wanting a sandwich. I think that grammar is easy. (believe) I am thinking about grammar right now. (thought) I have an old car. (own) I am having a good time. (doesn’t mean own)

14. The past tense indicates definite time terminating in the past, is used to talk about activities or situations that began and ended in the past: e.g. Yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1991) ONE EVENT COMPLETED IN THE PAST I saw him last night. They left two hours ago REPEATED EVENTS COMPLETED in THE PAST and NO LONGER HAPPENING Last year it rained frequently in this area DURATION of AN EVENT COMPLETED IN THE PAST He lived in New York for thirty years and then he dicide to returned to France.

15. Used to expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present.  I used to live with my parents. Now I live in my own apartement.  Bob used to smoke, but he doesn,t any more.  Did you used to live in Jakarta? or Did you use to live in Jakarta?  I didn,t used to drink coffee at breakfast, but now I always have coffee in the morning. or I didn,t use to drink coffee.  I never used to drink coffee at breakfast

16.  Final –ed is pronounced /t/ after voiceless sounds: /k/,/p/, /s/, /ch/, /sh/. (talked, stopped, hissed, watched, washed)  Final –ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds: /l/, /n/, /v/, /b/ and vowel sounds (called, rained, lived, robbed, stayed)  Final –ed is pronounced /ed/ after “t” and “d” (waited, needed)

17.  The past progressive expresses an activity that was in progress (was occurring, was happening) at a point of time in the past (e.g at 6:30) or of the time of another time (e.g. When Tom came).  Form: was/were + -ing.  When = at that time  While = during that time When the phone rang, I was sleeping. The phone rang while I was sleeping.

18.  After I finished my work, I went to bed. after I finished my work = a time clause I went to bed = a main clause  These words introduce time clauses: (after, before, until, as soon as, while, when)  Put a comma at the end of time clause when the time clause comes firts in a sentence (comes in front of main clause) When the phone rang, I was watching TV. While I was watching TV, the phone rang.  In a sentence with a time clause introduced by when, both the time clause verb and the main verb can be simple past. When the phone rang, I answered it.  When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can be used in both parts of the sentence. While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV.