1. Measuring GDP and Economic Growth

2. Two Ways of Measuring GDP
GDP is a measure of both output and income. Thus, there are two ways it can be measured.
GDP can be derived by totaling the expenditures on final-user goods and services produced during the year. This is called the expenditure approach.
Alternatively, GDP can be calculated by summing the income payments to the resource suppliers and the indirect cost of producing the goods and services. This is called the income approach.

3. Expenditure Approach Expenditure Approach:
GDP is the sum of expenditures on final-user goods and services purchased by households, investors, governments, and foreigners.
When calculated by this method, there are four components of GDP:
personal consumption purchases “C”
gross private investment “I” (including inventories)
government purchases “G” (consumption and investment)
net exports (exports minus imports) “Nx”

4. Income Approach
GDP is the sum of costs incurred and income (including profits) generated by the production of goods and services during the period.
The direct cost income components of GDP:
employee compensation
self-employment income
rents
interest
corporate profits
The SUM of these measurements is called: National Income

5. Making Expenditures and Income Equal
We add back to National Income:
Indirect business taxes: Taxes that increase the firm’s production costs and therefore final prices.
Depreciation: The cost of wear and tear on the machines and other capital assets used to produce goods and services.
Net Income of Foreigners: The income that foreigners earn producing goods within the borders of the U.S. minus the income Americans earn abroad.

6. Real and Nominal GDP The term "real" means adjusted for inflation.
Price indexes are use to adjust income and output data for the effects of inflation.
A price index measures the cost of purchasing a market basket (or “bundle”) of goods at a point in time relative to the cost of purchasing the same market basket during an earlier reference (or base) period.

7. Key Price Indexes 1. Consumer Price Index 2. GDP Deflator
An established “market basket” of typical goods and services is periodically measured to track changes in prices. This measurement becomes known as the “Price Level.” (PL) (more on this one later)
2. GDP Deflator
Measures changes in the average price of the market basket of goods included in all of GDP.
The GDP deflator is a broader price index than the CPI.

8. Using an Index Inflation Rate = this year’s index – last year’s index

9. Real GDP Per Capita aka “Per Capita Output” Formula:
Real GDP ÷ Population
Per Capita GDP is an important measure of Standard of Living (SoL)
Note that this formula acts as a ratio: nations can increase SoL by increasing Real GDP or by reducing the rate of population growth relative to Real GDP

10. Rule of 70
The Rule of 70 is a “doubling rule.” It allows us to determine, given a constant rate of growth, how long it will take any variable to double.
It is statistically useful but not mathematically precise.
To use, divide the percentage rate of growth into 70. The result is the amount of time it will take to double the variable.
e.g., If a population grows at a rate of 2 percent per year, how long will it take that population to double in size?

11. The Business Cycle

12. Business Cycle Recovery

13. From National Bureau of Economic Research

14. How Do Know Where We Are in the Business Cycle?
Economic Indicators
Leading: Tend to predict economic trends. These indicators change before the business cycle changes. e.g., stock market decline, new orders for consumer /capital goods, initial claims for unemployment, building permits for houses
Coincident: Occur alongside the trend. e.g., retail sales, current GDP and Personal Income
Lagging: Follows changes that have already occurred in the economy. e.g., unemployment, official declaration of recession (two consecutive negative quarters of GDP)

16. Which Areas Are Most Affected by Recession?
Investment: During a recession, business are reluctant to purchase equipment, expand factories and build new homes. Net investment can even be negative, as firms “make do” with old capital.
Capital /Durable Goods: Firms and households put off large purchases.
Service/nondurable goods: Necessities tend to survive recessions with less downturn.

17. Unemployment I. Measuring Unemployment unemployed
Unemployment Rate = civilian labor force X 100
Who is not counted in the unemployment numbers:
people who have given up (discouraged worker)
people not in labor force by choice
In addition, we count someone who is employed part-time as being employed, thus the official unemployment percentage probably understates unemployment.
January 2010 Official Unemployment: 10 percent
“Real Unemployment” Likely closer to 17 percent

18. II. Unemployment by Educational Attainment
December 2010 Bureau of Labor Statistics
High School dropout: percent
High School diploma only: percent
Some college /associate’s degree: percent
Bachelor’s or higher percent
Teenage (16-19) percent

19. III. Types of Unemployment
Cyclical: Moves with the Business Cycle; most recessionary unemployment is cyclical and mostly returns with expansion.
Frictional: Movement from one job to another; unemployment by choice
Structural: Permanent job loss; as skills become outdated, outsourced or replaced by technology.