1. Trust, Safety, & Reliability Part 2 MALICE

2. Malware Malware: short for “malicious software” Hackers: people who write and deploy malware Worm: program that makes copies of itself and propagates those copies through a network to infect other computers Virus: similar to a worm, but resides in another program program that must execute in order for the virus to propagate 2Ethics in a Computing Culture

3. Malware (continued) Spyware: program that is secretly installed for the purpose of collecting information about the computer’s user or users Trojan horse: software that masquerades as an innocent or useful program, but that is actually designed for a malicious purpose Rootkit: program that embeds itself into a computer’s operating system and acquires special privileges that would normally be available to the operating system 3Ethics in a Computing Culture

4. Case: Stuxnet Worm Stuxnet: a computer worm that has significantly set back the Iranian nuclear development program –extremely sophisticated software, speculated to have been created by the CIA and the Israeli governmant Can the people who wrote the Stuxnet worm be considered ethical hackers? 4Ethics in a Computing Culture

5. The Net Challenging the sale of virus do-it-yourself kits – Only illegal to release a virus Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Internet’s fragile infrastructure: susceptible to – Phishing attacks – Viruses (self-replicating programs) – Worms (independent programs that travel) The Slammer worm – http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/slammer.html http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/slammer.html

6. Defining cybercrime Criminal acts executed using computer and network technologies 1.Software piracy: unauthorized duplication 2.Computer sabotage: interference with computer systems – Viruses and worms – DoS attacks: mock requests to take down server 3.Electronic break-ins: – Computer espionage – trespass

7. Electronic break-ins Trespass in cyberspace – Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Protects the confidentiality and makes it a crime to access a computer w/o authorization – Now applies to most any computer http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Computer_Fraud_and _Abuse_Act http://en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Computer_Fraud_and _Abuse_Act Max penalty: 20 yrs & $250k fine Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 18 USC Section 1030 criminalizes: – Transmitting code (virus, worm) that damages a sys – Accessing w/o authorization any computer connected to Internet (n.b. does not req anything to be examined, changed or copied) – Transmitting classified info – Trafficking passwords – Computer fraud & extortion

8. Hacktivism Blend of hack and activism Malicious hacking for electronic political activism – Non-violent use of digital tools for political ends Typical actions, examples: – Defacing websites Defacing websites – Denial of service attacks Electronic Civil Disobedience (virtual sit-ins)

9. Case: A&P’s Cash Register Scandal Facts: Would you assume that you added incorrectly, or that the computer did? The A&P cash register scandal: –only possible because people trusted a computer to do arithmetic correctly 9Ethics in a Computing Culture