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How much grammar do I need to know? www.geoffbarton.co.uk.

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Presentation on theme: "How much grammar do I need to know? www.geoffbarton.co.uk."— Presentation transcript:

1 How much grammar do I need to know? www.geoffbarton.co.uk

2 1 - Sentence types (co-ordination & subordination) 2 -Modification 3 - Cohesion GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS -

3 SENTENCE TYPES GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS - 1 -

4 There are 3 types of sentences: Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Using a variety of sentences will improve your writing.

5 1: SIMPLE SENTENCES Seamus is asleep Seamus likes warmth Old Seamus used to be fun Old Seamus is positively knackered Seamus smells rather badly Seamus has a chronic haemorrhoid problem Essential ingredients: Subject Verb chain Tells us about one thing

6 COMPOUND SENTENCES / CCORDINATION GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS - 1 -

7 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES Essential ingredients: Simple sentences joined by the conjunctions And But Or

8 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES This creates coordination I like fish and I enjoy chips I adore fish but I hate chips I enjoy fish, or I did as a child

9 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES This creates coordination I like fish and I enjoy chips I adore fish but I hate chips I enjoy fish, or I did as a child

10 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES VISUAL GRAMMAR

11 Compound sentences in context... Create longer sentences Coordinate ideas (equal weighting) Can become repetitive Can sound colloquial, conversational Can feel uncontrolled if overdone, so...

12 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES This creates subordination Remember coordination …? I like fish and I enjoy chips

13 The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES

14 The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN CLAUSE

15 The sea bass, which was filmed two days ago, cruises slowly through the ocean. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

16 Starting at the bottom, it works its way upwards. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES

17 Starting at the bottom, it works its way upwards. 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN CLAUSE

18 Starting at the bottom, it works its way upwards. 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

19 He moves upwards because he senses danger. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES

20 He moves upwards because he senses danger. SUBORDINATION 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES

21 He moves upwards because he senses danger. 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES MAIN CLAUSE

22 He moves upwards because he senses danger. 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

23 3: COMPLEX SENTENCES VISUAL GRAMMAR

24 MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

25 MAIN CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE Conjunction: because although as

26 MAIN CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE Conjunction: because although as

27 MAIN CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE -Ing verb: Make sure the subject agrees Walking Thinking Hoping

28 MAIN CLAUSESUBORDINATE CLAUSE -ed verb: Make sure the subject agrees Frustrated Destroyed Undermined

29 MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE relative pronoun: Who Which That

30 Coordinating conjunctions And, but, or Subordinating conjunctions after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in case, once, since, than, that, though, until, unless, when, whenever, where, wherever, whereas, while Handy Conjunctions

31 COMPLEX SENTENCES... Have a main clause and a subordinate clause linked by... Conjunction - as, until, after … -ing verb -ed verb Relative pronoun - who, which, that..

32 Modification GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS - 2 -

33 Simple sentences don’t need to be short, if we use modification.. Modifying a noun with an adjective: The house is menacing old musty smelly revolting

34 Modifying an adjective with an adverb: The house is menacing old really horribly very too Simple sentences don’t need to be short, if we use modification..

35 Modifying a verb with an adverb: The wolf yawns in his sleep lazily uneasily frighteningly imperceptibly Simple sentences don’t need to be short, if we use modification..

36 Modification in action...

37 The Other Side of the Dale County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place. Gervase Phinn

38 The Other Side of the Dale County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place. Gervase Phinn

39 The Other Side of the Dale County Hall was a large, grey, stone mansion of an edifice...The interior was like a museum, hushed and cool, with long echoey, oak-pannelled corridors, high ornate ceilings, marble figures and walls full of gilt-framed portraits of former councillors, mayors, aldermen, leaders of the Council, high sheriffs, lord lieutenants, members of parliament and other dignitaries. It was really quite a daunting place. Gervase Phinn

40 COHESION: Pronouns and other connectives GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS - 3 -

41 COHESION Cohesion is the way we show the reader the ‘direction’ of a text using... PRONOUNS: she / he / it / they / we / us CONNECTIVES: Before, later, on the other hand, despite this, however...

42 SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice. Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular. Nigel Slater, Real Good Food

43 SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice. Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular. Nigel Slater, Real Good Food Pronouns

44 SPOT THE COHESION DEVICES At around £1 for a large fruit, the pineapple is no longer the special-occasion fruit it was in my childhood. (If there is a pineapple in the fruit bowl, then it must be Christmas.) More recently, in the lush, tropical heat of Goa, the fruit became a daily ritual during a beach-bum holiday. Armed with a plump pineapple, chosen for its ripeness and stripped of its inedible skin by the stallholder’s fearsome machete, we would wander far along the deserted beach to make the most of the fruit and its sticky juice. Six months later, in the frost-covered gardens of Versailles, the statues and urns wrapped up for the winter, such a fruit seemed even more welcome, cheering us up as our teeth chattered and we dripped juice into the snow as we walked. It is this fruit’s impeccable timing, turning up sweet and gold in the depths of winter, that probably makes it so popular. Nigel Slater, Real Good Food connectives

45 And that’s all there is to it...

46 1 - Sentence types (co-ordination & subordination) 2 -Modification 3 - Cohesion GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS -


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