1. Life at the Turn of the Century
Sec. 1 – Science & Urban Life
Sec. 2 – Education & Culture
Sec. 3 – Segregation & Discrimination
Sec. 4 – Dawn of Mass Culture

2. Facts About 1900-1910 76,000,000 Americans in 46 states (by the
end of the decade.)
Policeman arrests woman for smoking in
public 
$46,000,000+ in the U.S. treasury 
8,000 cars - 10 miles of paved roads 
Auto deaths 96; lynchings 115 
San Francisco earthquake took 700 lives
and cost over $4,000,000 in damage. 
Average worker made $12.98/week for 59
hours 
Life expectancy: 47.3 female, 46.3 male -
33.0 blacks 

3. Fun Facts: Cost of Living
Item
1903
2003
One pound of coffee
.13
2.64
Vest
.35
7.10
Hammer
.53
10.76
Hotel Room (1 day)
2.00
40.60
Shotgun
21.75
441.48
Silver Thimble
.15
3.04
Loaf of Bread
.05
1.01
Automobile
850.00
17,253.00

4. Different shoe styles are not the norm in 1903.

5. School’s Reading Lists
Louisa May Alcott - Little Women (1868)
L. Frank Baum - The Wizard of Oz (1900)
Charles Chesnutt - The Marrow of Tradition (1901)
Charles Dickens - Oliver Twist (1838)
Arthur Conan Doye - The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1893)
Rudyard Kipling - The Jungle Book (1894)
L.M. Montgomery - Anne of Green Gables (1908)
Jack London - Call of the Wild (1903)
Howard Pyle - The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883)
Anna Sewell - Black Beauty (1877)
Johanna Spryi - Heidi (1880)
Robert Lewis Stevenson - Treasure Island (1883)
Jonathan Swift - Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
Mark Twain - The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
Jules Verne - 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870)
Kate Douglas Wiggins - Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903)

6. Warm Up
What type of technology could make Metro-Detroit (including Algonac) a better place to live in?

7. Objectives for Sec. 1: Science & Urban Life
To describe technological advances and urban planning and their affects on turn-of-the-century city life.
To summarize turn-of-the-century advances in communications

8. Technology & City Life Rural & immigrant people flooded the cities
By 1890 Chicago & Philadelphia had a population of 1 million
By 1901 New York had a population of 3.5 million
Urban areas need space, transportation & communications
Cities needed to expand upward & outward

9. Upward: Skyscrapers
Architects could build taller buildings due to new technology in steel & elevators
Louis Sullivan designed the ten-story Wainwright Building in St. Louis
Daniel Burnham designed the 285 foot tower, Flatiron Building
In 1900s skyscrapers became the greatest contribution to architecture
Skyscrapers solved the problem of how to make the best use of limited & expensive space
The buildings served as a towering symbol of a rich & optimistic society

10. Skyscrapers
Wainwright Building
Flatiron Building

11. Electric Transit
Changes in transportation allowed cities to expand outward
Electricity transformed urban transportation
In 1888, Richmond, Virginia became the first American city to electrify its urban transit by installing streetcars driven by electric motors powered by an overhead wire
Other cities followed & by the turn of the century, streetcars carried the residents of outlying neighborhoods to the downtown area
Cities became a sprawling metropolis

12. Electric Transit cont…
New railroad lines also fed the growth of suburbs
Some cities moved their streetcars above street level called “el” trains
New York built subways by moving their rail lines underground
Urban & Suburban areas grew due to how transportation linked the two areas
Bridges also connected different sections of cities: Brooklyn Bridge

14. The Science of Urban Planning
City planners wanted to restore a measure of serenity to the urban environment
Designed parks & recreational areas
Frederick Law Olmsted spearheaded this movement
Olmsted & Calvert Vaux drew up plans to make “Greenwards” which became known as Central Park
Olmsted went on to develop parks & recreational areas for Washington D.C., St. Louis & Boston
Daniel Burnham designed Chicago’s parks and an entrance to the city called White City

15. 1906 Postcard from White City
White City in Chicago
White City in Chicago

16. Central Park, New York

17. New Technologies Transform Communications
New developments in communications brought people closer together in time
Advances in aviation, printing & photography helped to speed the transmission of information

18. Airplanes & Mail Delivery
Orville & Wilbur Wright took their 1st successful flight on December 17, 1903 – it lasted 12 seconds & covered 120 feet
No one really paid attention, but by 1905 they had increased their flights to 24 miles
In 1908 the U.S. government took notice
The government established the first transcontinental airmail service in 1920
At first it took a day and a half for mail to travel between New York & San Francisco

19. A Revolution in Printing
Better public education led to an increase in literacy rate of 90%
Due to the increased interest in reading, publishers turned out ever-increasing numbers of books, magazines, & newspapers to meet the demands
Less expensive paper & better printing presses helped lower the costs of printing
After chemists discovered wood pulp could make paper, paper mills began to produce large quantities of cheap paper

20. A Revolution in Printing cont…
William Bullock invented the web-perfecting press that printed on both sides of a continuous paper roll, then cut, folded & counted the pages
Faster production & lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable – 1 penny per copy
Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the Linotype machine that sped up the process of typesetting
1st used by a newspaper in 1886 & it streamlined the process of setting type
Illustration became easier in the 1880s when the process of chemical engraving enabled printers to reproduce paintings & photographs cheaply & accurately

22. Photography
George Eastman developed a paper based film as an alternative to the heavy glass plates previously used
Photographer could now send their film to a studio for processing
Advertised his product to the masses not just professionals
Eastman invented his Kodak camera in 1888
Was small & easy to operate which prompted millions of Americans to become amateur photographers
Also helped create the field of photo-journalism – reporters could now photograph events as they occurred

23. George Eastman Inventions
Kodak Point & Shoot
1st Kodak with a flash

24. Exit Ticket Please answer the following question and turn in:
Which development in science and technology described in this section had the greatest impact on American culture? Use details from your notes to justify and support your opinion.

25. Section 2: Education & Culture Objectives
To trace the expansion of public education at the turn of the century
To summarize the educational opportunities open for immigrants
To describe the expansion of higher education
To show how expanding education enhanced American culture

26. Warm Up
How does an educational system help a nation meet its social needs?

27. Expanding Public Education
Most states had public school systems by the Civil War
Many school-aged children received no formal education at all
The students who went to school left within four years, and few went to high school
Education reformers wanted to change this: worked to extend school to more children, increase the number of years for mandatory school/attendance, lengthen the school year

28. Schools for Children
Between , 31 states passed laws requiring weeks a year of school attendance for children ages 8-14
By % of American children attended school – mostly in the cities
Studied a curriculum that emphasized reading, writing, & arithmetic
Rote memorization & the quality of teachers drew criticism
Kindergarten was created – it was outside the public school – for unemployed mothers
62% of white kids attended school compared to 34% of black children

29. The Growth of High School
Due to the industrial age, the economy demanded advanced technical & managerial skills
In 1878: 800 high schools In 1898: 5,500 high schools
1880: 72,000 students attended high school
In 1900: 500,000 attended high school
H.S curriculum expanded to include science, civics, history, literature & home economics
Vocational courses became available in drafting, carpentry, & mechanics
Courses for females: secretarial & bookkeeping

30. Racial Discrimination
African Americans were excluded from receiving a secondary education
In % of black teenagers attended high school
In % of black teenagers attended high school – most went to private schools

31. Education for Immigrants
Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school
Most immigrants sent their children to free public schools where they quickly became “Americanized”
Catholics were concerned because Bible verses were read from the King James version – Protestant
Catholics started up their own parochial schools in their communities to give their children a catholic education
Adult immigrants went to night school & employers offered daytime programs to their immigrant workers

32. Expanding Higher Education
Only 2.3% attended college
Usually students came from middle class or wealthy families
College prepared well to do young men for successful careers
Between 1880 – 1920 college enrollment quadrupled
Colleges started to change their admission policies

33. Changes in Universities
The industrial movement changed the nation’s educational needs at the college level
The Research university emerged to meet these needs
Offered courses in modern languages, engineering, economics, physical science, psychology & sociology
Some Research universities were established by wealthy capitalists (Rockefeller: Univ. Chicago)
Medical schools were changing as well due to what was learned in the Civil War

34. Higher Education for African Americans
After the Civil War freed slaves pursued an education
Excluded from white colleges, they opened up all black schools to educate ministers, dentists, teachers, physicians
African Americans founded: Howard, Atlanta & Fisk universities
However, charitable organizations could not financially support or educate a sufficient number of black college graduates to provide enough doctors, lawyers & teachers to meet the needs of the segregated community

35. Higher Education for African Americans cont…
Out of 9.2 million blacks, only 3,880 had graduated from college
Only 1% of African Americans attended college
W.E.B. Dubois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1895
He said the most educated blacks or the “talented tenth” attempt to achieve immediate inclusion into mainstream American life
Booker T. Washington believed racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills & proved their economic value to society
He graduated from the Hampton Institute & opened his own school

36. Education Influences Culture
More schools, universities & colleges became a source of education
Art galleries, libraries and museums make culture available to more people.
Many turn of the century artist & writers embraced social realism, attempting to portray life as it is really lived
Increased literacy boosts sales of “dime novels” and other light fiction.

37. Life at the Turn of the Century Sec
Life at the Turn of the Century Sec. 3: Segregation & Discrimination - Objectives
To trace the development of legal discrimination against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it
To summarize turn of the century race relations in the North as well as in the South

38. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination
After the North lifted military authority over the South, white Southern Democrats reclaimed control and instituted laws to subject African Americans to second class citizenship

39. Voter Restrictions
For about 10 years after Reconstructions, African Americans voted & even held office.
Bt the end of the 1800s that had changed & Southern states adopted a broad system of legal policies of racial discrimination & devised methods to weaken African American political power
New laws denied African American legal equality

40. Voter Restrictions: New Laws
Literacy tests: registrars asked blacks more difficult questions than they asked whites
Sometimes the test was given in a foreign language to blacks
The officials administering the test could pass or fail applicants as they wished

41. Voter Restrictions: Poll Tax
Poll tax: an annual tax that had to be paid to gain access to the voting booth
Blacks & white sharecroppers lacked cash to pay this & were frequently unable to vote
Whites who lacked money were grandfathered in
Grandfather clause: stated that even if a white man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1, 1867

42. Jim Crow Laws
State and local governments passed laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities
The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to “Jump, Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface
Segregation: system of separating people on the basis of race
Racial segregation developed in schools, hospitals, parks, transportation systems, restaurants, etc.

43. Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Plessy: 7/8th white, 1/8th black was classified as a black man
Denied a seat in a railroad car & challenged the segregation law
Said it denied him his rights under the Louisiana constitution
Railroad said it just separate, but equal
Supreme Court sided with the railroad
Established the term: “separate but equal”
Allowed states to maintain separate facilities

44. Turn of the Century Race Relations
Written & unwritten laws that led to discrimination
Blacks were belittled and humiliated
Blacks & whites never shook hands
Blacks had to take off the hats to whites
Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites
If accused of showing too little respect to whites, blacks would be lynched - 2,500 between 1885 & 1900
Discrimination & segregation just as bad in the North
Blacks couldn’t live in white neighborhoods, labor unions denied them membership, hired as a last resort

45. Discussion Questions
What types of legal discrimination did African Americans face?
What were Jim Crow laws? How do you think these laws could have been fought?
How did Plessy v. Ferguson affect the civil rights of African Americans?

46. Sec. 4 Dawn of a Mass Culture
Although race discrimination was prevalent among non-whites & caused legal problems across the U.S. – it was a different story for whites
Due to rapid industrialization & improvements that made daily life easier more people (especially whites) found they had leisure time & money to spend
New recreational activities, new consumer products & trends caught the interest of people at the turn of the century.
A mass culture was born

47. Sec. 4: Dawn of a Mass Culture: Objectives
To give examples of turn of the century popular sports and other leisure activities
To describe turn of the century trends in music and the performing arts
To summarize the growing circulation of newspapers
To describe turn of the century innovations in marketing and advertising

48. American Leisure Relief from city congestion & dull factories
Amusement parks
Built on green spaces
Often built by trolley car companies
Picnic grounds & rides
Coney Island, NY
1894- Roller Coaster!
World Columbian Expo- Chicago 1893

50. More Leisure Tennis Male only till 1885: Safety bicycle
Smaller wheels, air filled tires
Women discard corsets
Shirtwaists & split skirts, to ride
Gave women a sense of freedom
Tennis
First seen in Wales, 1873

51. New snacks: Potato Chips - 1853 Chewing Gum - 1870 Coca Cola - 1886
Designed by pharmacist to cure headaches
Cracker Jacks – 1893
Hershey Bars
Ice Cream cone
Popsicle

52. Sports Spectator Sports Boxing Baseball
Telegraphed transmissions of contests at hotel lobbies & barber shops
Based on Rounders, English sport
By 1860s, many clubs across US
National League 1876
American League 1900
1st World Series: 1903
Negro Leagues founded

53. Spread of Mass Culture Live Performances
-Vaudeville – performances including song, dance & slapstick comedy
-Barnum & Bailey’s Greatest Show on Earth
Motion Pictures
1st film was a one reel in 10 minute sequences
Mostly vaudeville skits
The Great Train Robbery
The Birth of a Nation (used fade outs, close ups, but glorified the KKK)
Art
Realism
Thomas Eakins
Ashcan school
Gritty urban life scenes
Abstract (Europe)
Libraries spread (poor man’s university)
Fiction
Crime, Westerns
Realism- Jack London, Stephen Crane- show lower classes
Humor- Mark Twain

54. Mass Circulation of Newspapers
Coverage of daily sports, shows & news in newspapers
Started using Sensational Headlines
Used promotional stunts, large Sunday edition, comics, & women’s news to sell newspapers & attract readers
Personal scandals, cruelty & outrageous stories were used to out do the competition
Two large scale papers at the time: Morning Journal ran by Joseph Pulitzer & Journal ran by William Randolph Hearst

55. Shopping: A New Way To Sell Goods
Malls (Arcades)
Cleveland, 1890
Jewelry, leather goods, stationery
Bands play on Sundays
Department Stores
Marshall Field, Chicago
Geared to women shoppers
Bargain basement
Chains
Woolworth’s
Five & Dime stores
Advertising
Mostly patent medicines
Soaps, baking powders
Newspapers, magazines, billboards, barns, rocks
Catalogs & RFD
Montgomery Ward (1872) Sears (1886)
Rural Free Delivery- packages to your home!

56. Homework Complete questions 2-5 on page 488 of your textbook
Complete questions on handout (on table)