1. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development Study on Poverty Traps and Social Exclusion Among Children in South Africa 1 SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

2. What is the mandate of the SAHRC and its interest in Social Development matters? 2 Introduction SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

3. Introduction SAHRC is established in terms of Chapter 9 of the Constitution; SAHRC mandate is to promote, monitor and assess the observance, development, attainment and observance of human rights in the Republic; SAHRC established a dedicated Children and Basic Education Desk; Commissioner Lindiwe Mokate responsible for Child Rights and Basic Education. 3 SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

4. What are the socio-economic factors that the SAHRC observed that necessitated this Study? 4 Background to the Study SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

5. Background to the Study 5 South Africa became a democratic country in 1994; The new democratic government recorded certain gains in the reduction of poverty in the country; However, disturbing evidence exists of considerable and deep-rooted and sustained poverty amongst children; In 2013, the SAHRC partnered with UNICEF, with the assistance of the University of Stellenbosch, to study this phenomenon. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

6. What did the Study seek to achieve? 6 Scope of the Study SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

7. The Poverty Traps and Social Exclusion Study The study set out to 2 (two) key things: 1. To determine the extent to which children in South Africa are still caught in a poverty trap or were socially excluded from economic and political life; 2. To determine the factors that enable poverty traps and social exclusion to be perpetuated in South Africa. 7 SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

8. What prompted the Commission to undertake this Study? 8 Rationale for the Study SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

9. Rationale for the Study 9 Observations made by the SAHRC: 1. Twenty years into democracy, race remains a predictor of future deprivation for today’s children; 2. Widespread income inequality persists; 3. Poor quality of education, and challenges in the access to education; 4. High levels of youth unemployment; SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

10. Rationale for the Study contd. 10 5. The economy has not grown rapidly enough to provide widespread employment; 6. The poor and unemployed tend to be the rural, uneducated, women and young forcing them to be excluded from the mainstream economy and society; 7. Children born into these families are at high risk of being caught in a poverty trap. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

11. Key concepts used in the Study. 11 Key Concepts SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

12. Some key Concepts used in the Study 12 Poverty trap: Any self-reinforcing mechanism that causes poverty to persist; Chronic poverty: Poverty lasting for extended periods and that may persist indefinitely; Structural poverty: A state of poverty where the means to greater wellbeing are not present. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

13. Some key Concepts in the Study contd. 13 Social exclusion: The process that excludes individuals or groups from full participation in the society in which they live. Multi-dimensional poverty index: A poverty measure that measures non-monetary deprivation; includes indicators of health, education, life satisfaction, asset holdings, employment status or other capabilities; assigns weights to each indicator and then aggregates them to give a single measure of deprivation. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

14. What are the key issues that this Study identifies? Key Issues 14 SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

15. Key Issues Identified by Study The Report identifies 5 (five) key issues and factors that are necessary to provide children with an enabling environment to develop the social and cognitive skills to escape the cycle of inherited poverty: 1) Health; 2) Education; 3) Social and Family Influences; 4) Geographic Influences; 5) Wealth and Assets. 15 SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

16. Health 16 Adults and children in poor health carry those deficiencies throughout their life spans; These deficiencies perpetuate and disable them from participating in productive activities that would serve to break the cycle of poverty. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

17. Education 17 Poor households are unlikely to invest in primary education or the early childhood development; Education is necessary to prepare their children for a schooling career further perpetuating poverty; Education is a powerful factor for promoting social mobility and dismantling poverty traps. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

18. Social and Family Influences 18 Children require an early environment that enables a child to develop potential for development; Potential for development includes the presence of both parents in the household; Adequate quantity and quality of nutritional intake; Non exposure to violence or other psychologically scarring behaviours. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

19. Geographic Influences 19 Poverty is more debilitating in previously disadvantaged areas; Weak local economies; High local unemployment rate; Poor access to government services; Structural and environmental factors beyond the individual’s control. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

20. Wealth and Assets 20 Intangible assets such social capital are poverty trap mechanisms; Low asset levels remain the clearest indicator of poverty; Households that are liquidity and credit constrained are unable to make any kind of investment in education, land, or any other asset that may shift them out of poverty. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

21. Policy Recommendations 21 Recommendations SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

22. Health and Nutrition 22 a) Encouragement of breastfeeding; b) Improvement and monitoring of the quality of food provided to children at community-based ECD facilities. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

23. Pre-School Education 23 a) Improving educational foundation at pre-school and foundation-phase levels; b) Formulation of clear, practical and innovative ECD policies and delivery approaches; c) Training of teachers and ECD practitioners; d) Improvement of quality and support in ECD facilities. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

24. Social Grants, Maintenance & Welfare Services 24 a) Increasing wealth and assets through social security, maintenance and other welfare services; b) Provision of ID documents for young children; c) State enforcement of payment child maintenance by absent fathers; d) Long-term funding dispensation for welfare services; e) Expand network of community workers active in rural areas. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

25. Spatial Factors and Municipal Infrastructure 25 a) Improve and develop adequate municipal and other infrastructure and services to all citizens, particularly poor households in rural areas and ECD facilities and schools. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

26. SAHRC Submission to the Social Development Portfolio Committee 26 Way Forward SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

27. Proposed Way Forward 27 1. Portfolio Committee to endorse the recommendations of this Study; 2. Parliament to call upon the Executive to implement policy recommendations of this Study; 3. Parliament to consider additional funding allocations to enable the achievement of the recommendations made by the Study. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development

28. Questions and Answers. SAHRC Presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Social Development 28 Thank you.