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1. Theoretical Approaches 2. Modalities of Qualitative Research 3. Sampling Methods 4. Software Packages.

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Presentation on theme: "1. Theoretical Approaches 2. Modalities of Qualitative Research 3. Sampling Methods 4. Software Packages."— Presentation transcript:

1 1. Theoretical Approaches 2. Modalities of Qualitative Research 3. Sampling Methods 4. Software Packages

2  Qualitative research seeks to gain a comprehensive and holistic view of social life through the study of people in a wide range of natural settings.  It is used to capture expressive information not conveyed in quantitative data about beliefs, values, feelings, and motivations that underlie behaviors.

3 1. How can you gather good data? 2. What should you do with the data?

4  Grounded Theory: Theory that emerges from data  Superimposed Theory: Start with theory & determine if the data support your theory

5  Observational Studies ◦ Unstructured data collection ◦ Structured data collection  Categorizing phenomena  Checklists  Rating scales  Interviews central to the relevant group or process ◦ Focus groups ◦ Key Informants ◦ Critical incident reports  Case study evaluation

6 Qualitative Techniques  Recording and analysis of key interactions –Audiotape or videotape  Attention to data validity –Triangulation: collection from independent sources using differing means –Feedback from study participants –Thorough examination of outlying cases  Attention to data reliability –Detailed documentation of analysis –Parallel review by independent investigators

7  Researchers thoughtful reflections  Researchers analyze the data based on themes  Statistical packages

8  Advantages 1. Organize data 2. Store data 3. Easy to retrieve data 4. Frequency count of words 5. Easier to examine relationship between data  Disadvantages 1. Slow down analysis phase 2. Stifle creativity 3. Doesn’t do thinking for you 4. Researcher is part of the analysis 5. Loose context  Don’t know what was said before,  Can include more information as you input the data

9  Qualitative method serves as an input to a primarily quantitative study  Can generate hypotheses, develop content for questionnaires & interventions  Example: You are uncertain about how to communicate with a particular group, so you conduct focus groups to develop the content for a survey or intervention  Source: David Morgan (1999)

10  Quantitative method serves as an input to a primarily qualitative study  Can guide purposive sampling, establish preliminary results to pursue in depth  Example: You are unsure which groups have the characteristics you are interested in, so you conduct a brief survey, prior to selecting the groups you will study in depth  Source: David Morgan (1999)

11  Qualitative method serves as an extension to a primarily quantitative study  Can provide interpretations for poorly understood results, help explain outliers  Example: You want to understand more about why the results of a survey or intervention came out the way they did, so you run focus groups to help interpret the results  Source: David Morgan (1999)

12  Quantitative method serves as an extension to a primarily qualitative study  Can generalize results to different samples, test elements of emergent theories  Example: You want to determine where else the conclusions from a case study are likely to apply, so you use a brief survey to determine the characteristics of other sites  Source: David Morgan (1999)

13  Researchers frequent immersion in the day- to-day lives of their subjects make some qualitative studies susceptible to measurement bias  Researcher is not detached or unbiased  Full disclosure has been suggested as a way to deal with bias  Minimize bias in other ways

14  Systematic description of the nature of the data collection methods to be used  Presentation of a clear and convincing rationale why qualitative approaches are not only appropriate for addressing the research questions at hand but why they are the most likely to produce useful findings  Source: Qualitative Methods In Health Research, Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research, NIH

15  Focused discussion of the universe studied and the sample recruited for qualitative assessment (including accounting for the relationship between the sample to the universe, by using a clearly described sampling plan)  Specification of the timeframes that bound data collection (e.g., observations designed to sample variation across hours of the day, days of the week, and weeks of the year  Source: Qualitative Methods In Health Research, Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research, NIH

16  Careful presentation of the nature of the data to be collected  An orderly account of the analytic procedures to be performed, including specification of how findings can be interpreted  Source: Qualitative Methods In Health Research, Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research, NIH

17  Daly, Kerry. The Fit Between Qualitative Research and Characteristics of Families. In Jane Gilgun, Kerry Daly, and Gerald Handel (Eds), Qualitative Methods in Family Research (pp.3-11). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992.  Emerson, Robert, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. “In the Field: Participating, Observing and Jotting.” In Emerson et al., Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (pp. 17-38). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.  Gold, Seven. “Ethical Issues in Visual Field Work.” In Grant Blank, James McCartney and Edward Brent (Eds.) New Technologies in Sociology (pp. 99-109). New Brunswick, New Jersy: Transaction, 1989.  Harrell-Bond, Barabra. “Studying Elites: Some Special Problems.” In Michael Rynkiewich and James Spradley, Ethics and Anthropology (pp. 110-122). New York: Wiley, 1976.  Lofland, John and Lyn Lofland. “Data Logging in Observation: Fieldnotes.” In John Lofland and Lynland, Analyzing Social Settings (pp. 89098). Albany, New York: Wadsworth, 1995.  Morgan, David. “Planning and Research Design for Focus Groups.” In David Morgan, Focus Groups as Qualitative Research (pp. 31-45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1997.  Weiss, Robert. “Writing the Report.” In Robert Weiss, Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies (pp. 183-206). New York: Free Press, 1994.


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