1. Surveying, Mapping, Remote Sensing and GIS

2. Surveying, Mapping, Remote Sensing and GIS
Maps – Communicate spatial data/information through “graphic symbols” – a language of location
Cartography – the art and science of mapmaking – increasingly an automated, computerized process
Mapmaking process involves a number of interlinked steps:
Data Gathering: Location Data, Attribute Data
Data Compilation and Processing
Cartographic Visualization and Design
Map Drafting and Production
The tasks involved depend on Types of Maps

3. Types of Maps General Reference Maps, Topographic Maps
General Purpose Maps:
General Reference Maps, Topographic Maps

4. Special Purpose/ Thematic Maps:
Earthquakes in Southern California 2000
Dot Density Map – shows discrete locations/data

5. Choropleth Maps – area-based nominal, ordinal and continuous data

6. Ethnicity Map – Former Soviet Union Choropleth Map with nominal data

7. Isopleth Map – point-based continuous data isohyets (also isotherms, isobars, isobaths)
and contours

8. Complex Special Purpose/ Thematic Maps:
Composite Map – shows discrete + continuous data
(+ proportionate circles)

9. 3-D Topographic Map

10. World Ocean Floor Map

11. Map Basics Basic Elements of Maps:
Title (plus any explanatory text)
Legend or Key (See Appendix B)
Direction / Compass:
True North, Magnetic North, Magnetic Declination, Isogonic Map (with isogonic lines)
Compass directions: Azimuth System (0˚ - 360˚) and Bearing System, with four 90-degree quadrants (NW, NE, SW, SE), e.g., North, 20˚ East (20˚ east of due north)

12. a. Latitudes & Longitudes (Geographic Grid)
Map Basics – Continued
Map Coordinates:
a. Latitudes & Longitudes (Geographic Grid)
b. Rectangular/alpha-numeric coordinates
Simple Alpha-numeric
Location System
c. USPLS or Township & Range System

13. Bar/Graphic Scale: a graph depicting distances
Map Basics – Continued
Map Scale: Map scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the Earth’s surface and the distance between corresponding points on a map
Verbal/Written/Stated Scale: 1 inch = 1 mile
Bar/Graphic Scale: a graph depicting distances
Representative Fraction:
One unit of measured distance on a map equal some units of measured distance in the real world – 1: 63360
Also:
Map Projection Used
Date, Author, Publisher, etc.

14. LARGE-SCALE vs. SMALL-SCALE
Large-Scale Maps show very small portions of the real world, but with great detail
Large-Scale maps have small denominators i.e., 1:12,000 or 1:24,000
Topographic maps are examples of large-scale maps
Small-Scale maps show very large portions of the real world, but with minimal detail
Small-scale maps have large denominators, i.e., 1:100,000 or 1:1,000,000
Wall maps are examples of small-scale maps

15. LARGE -SCALE TO SMALL -SCALE

16. Data Gathering, Mapping and GIS
Modern Technology in
Data Gathering, Mapping and GIS
Data Gathering:
Surveying – Field Survey using compass, chains, plane table, and theodolite – to GPS
Originally developed for military use, GPS is being employed in a variety of ways: 
GPS is widely used for ground, air, and sea navigation.
And to produce accurate maps and study land deformation caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. GPS is also showing up in more and more commercial products.
The Global Positioning System or GPS consists of 3 parts: 

17. 1) Earth orbiting satellites
A set of 24 satellites constantly orbiting the Earth and broadcasting their position and time…..Signals from 3 or 4 of them are used to pinpoint a location on earth, using a procedure called trilateration.

18. Trilateration

19. 2) Control and monitoring stations across the Earth

20. 3) GPS receivers owned by individuals and other entities

21. Remote Sensing Aerial photography to satellite imaging
Multiple Platforms ↓
a) Camera – Traditional and Digital
b) Radar (SLAR, Doppler, Sonar)
c) Near Infra-red (NIR) and Thermal Infra-red (TIR) Scanners
d) Multispectral Remote Sensing – Color Composite Image

22. Typical Remote Sensing Platforms

23. Polar vs. Geostationary Orbits

25. Remote Sensing to Digital Mapping
All objects (natural or synthetic) reflect and emit electromagnetic radiation over a range of wavelengths characteristic of the object.
The Distinctive reflectance and emitance properties are the spectral signatures of the objects.
Remote sensing operates in the wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where these spectral signatures occur, to identify, map and analyze image features

26. Remote Sensing and Maps
Landsat NIR image of San Francisco Bay

27. “Natural-color” Photograph
“False-color” Near infra-red
Satellite Image

31. Thermal Infrared (TIR) Image of a Storm System from GOES Satellite

32. Landscape Visualization: The Physical Environments of Cape Town
Satellite imagery and elevation data were combined and computer enhanced to produce the 3-D perspective

33. Digital Mapping and Computer Cartography
Digital Mapmaking , involves:
Converting locational/spatial data into digital data → Cartesian Coordinates (x,y)
Automated Contouring
Digital Elevation Models: 3-D Representation
Dynamic Maps

34. Earthquake Map + Faults (Dynamic Maps)

35. 3-D Perspective : Earthquake Hazard

36. Geographic Information Systems: GIS
Interface between Computer Cartography and Data Base Management
A geographic information system, GIS, is a computer-based technology that enters, analyzes, manipulates, and displays geographic information
Watch this “GIS Day” video clip from ESRI for a more detail intro to GIS:

37. In a GIS framework both spatial and non-spatial databases are
In a GIS framework both spatial and non-spatial databases are combined into a “geodatabase”
A GIS essentially creates Map Layers of specific thematic maps
By layering the information one on top of the other, a geographer can show, for example, the relationship and degree of connectivity between various land uses and transportation routes in a region.

38. To summarize:
A GIS involves Geocoding, Registration, Mapping, Display, Analysis and other operations
Also, Visualization Models
A Great Planning Tool
Watch this for a City’s GIS:
For interactive GIS mapping, go to:
GIS City of Santa Clarita

39. Example 1: Cities use GIS to locate vulnerable pipelines

40. Example 2: Identify City Parcels in 100-year Flood Zone