1. Strangers Invade the West An Apache boy at Bosque Redondo, c. 1864-68 New Mexico State Monuments. Sarah Winnemucca 1

2. What story did Sarah Winnemucca’s grandfather tell about the whites? 2

3. Indian Removal 3

4. Westward trails – 1840s 4

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6. California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Estimated population c. 1492 = 310,000 6

7. Spanish Franciscan missions, 1769- 1821 Library of Congress 7

8. California Indians c. 1769 Small, politically autonomous groups Little prior trade contact with Europeans -> no guns or horses Spain uncontested in the area -> Indians couldn’t ally with other Europeans against Spain 8

9. Santa Barbara mission founded 1784. Photo: Library of Congress. Neophytes = Indians who converted to Christianity By 1821: 21,000 neophytes in 21 missions 9

10. The end of the mission system 1821 Mexican independence from Spain. Indians granted Mexican citizenship. 1833 Missions disbanded – Friars limited to religious role – Farms privatized Half was supposed to go to neophytes Corruption -> most went to large ranchers 10

11. ‘The Gold Rush’, PBS.org 11

12. 1883 engraving from the Century Magazine (LOC). William Joseph (Nisenan) 12

13. 1848: < 20,000 non-Indians in California By 1852: approx. 250,000 non- Indians 20,000 Chinese arrived in 1852. 7 men for every woman in 1852. 13

14. Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850) Facilitated exploitation: – Indians convicted of crime, including vagrancy, could be contracted out to whites – Indian children could be removed from their families to become apprentices to whites 14

15. native population of California 1492: 310,000 1820: 200,000 1846: 150,000 1870: 30,000 1900: 15,000 (out of 1.5 million) 2000: 330,000 (out of 33.9 million) 15

16. Taos Mission, New Mexico (Photo: National Humanities Center) 16

17. Taos pueblo today. Photo: National Geographic 17

18. Apache Apache on horseback. Photograph by Edward Curtis, 1903. 18

19. Governor Henry Connelly of New Mexico 19

20. Bosque Redondo 20

21. Navajo at Bosque Redondo. Photo: New Mexico State Monuments. 21

22. Navajos under guard at Fort Sumner, c. 1864. Photo: New Mexico Office of the State Historian 22

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24. Cochise, leader of Chiricahua Apaches General O.O. Howard General Gordon Granger Two versions of the same speech or two different speeches? 24

25. Sarah Winnemucca Daughter of a chief of the Northern Paiutes Granddaughter of ‘Truckee’ who guided John C. Frémont during expedition to California (1843-45) and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-48) 25