1.  Could GM foods contain new toxins? Part II: Are GM foods safe to eat  Could GM foods cause allergies?  Is DNA safe to eat?  Could antibiotic resistance genes transfer?

2.  Could genes escape from crops to cause problems?  What kinds of problems does gene flow cause? Part II: Are GM crops safe to grow?  Will GM crops reduce crop diversity?  Will GM crops reduce biodiversity?

3. Are GM foods safe to eat?  Is DNA safe to eat? All foods contains DNA -- about a teaspoon of DNA in a pound of food Adding one gene adds roughly 1 part in a million or ~0.0001% DNA is digested starting in your mouth Tiny fragments gets through the digestive process This is always happening when we eat food It doesn’t change our genes

4. Are GM foods safe to eat?  Could antibiotic resistance genes get into people? No, DNA is broken down into tiny pieces in our digestive tracts  Could they get into other bacteria in the gut? Bacteria take up DNA very rarely Transfers to gut bacteria have been looked for, but not found

5. Are GM foods safe to eat?  Could GM foods contain new toxins? The FDA requires chemical analyses and toxicity studies GM foods are better analyzed than any in human history Plants contain chemicals that are toxic -- in large amounts

6. Are GM foods safe to eat?  Could GM foods cause allergies?  Allergy facts Most food allergies are caused by about half a dozen proteins Foods contain more than 100,000 different proteins The FDA requires developers to identify allergenicity potential

7.  Could genes escape from crops to cause problems? Gene transfer from crops to other plants is now called “gene flow” Gene flow occurs between members of the same species  What kinds of problems does gene flow cause? Gene flow is not a new problem in agriculture It depends on the crop Are GM crops safe to grow?

8. http://www.scu.edu/cas/research/images/smecology.jpg The monarch butterfly incident http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/images/releases/997_0.jpg Bt genes in Mexican land races  Will GM crops reduce crop diversity? Are GM crops safe to grow?

9.  Will GM crops reduce biodiversity? “To assert that GM techniques are a threat to biodiversity is to state the exact opposite of the truth.” “To assert that GM techniques are a threat to biodiversity is to state the exact opposite of the truth.” “The less focused and productive this agriculture is, the more destructive its effects will be.” “The less focused and productive this agriculture is, the more destructive its effects will be.” “Nothing has driven more species to extinction or caused more instability in the world’s ecological systems than the development of an agriculture sufficient to feed 6.3 billion people.” “Nothing has driven more species to extinction or caused more instability in the world’s ecological systems than the development of an agriculture sufficient to feed 6.3 billion people.” Peter Raven Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden Peter Raven Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/images/54-2_raven.jpg

10. Rapid acceptance of GM crops http://www.isaaa.org/default.asp Kernel rot (aflatoxin) Fusarium ear rot (fumonisins) Fusarium ear rot (fumonisins)

11. GM crop statistics 2008  GM crops were grown on 125 million hectares in 25 countries in 2008 http://www.isaaa.org/default.asp GM crops were grown on 125 million hectares in 25 countries in 2008

12. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/relevance/images/pestspray.jpg http://www.communityipm.org/toxictrail/issue2-Poisoning.htm  There are 25 million cases of pesticide poisoning/year  Pesticides kill both beneficial and harmful insects Biological pest control is better than using chemical pesticides

13. http://www.bayweekly.com/year01/issue9_38/images9_38/lead04protestors.jpg cujtokyo.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/gmo-prot... www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_full/france/ Resistance to molecular crop enhancement

14. https://www.penelopebokhandel.no/bookcovers/978/0/6/7/4/0/2/9780674029736.jpg Rob Paarlberg Indirect effects of anti-biotech attitudes

15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38232000/jpg/_38232577_levy150.jpg Zambia’s President Levy Mwanawasa Zambia’s President Levy Mwanawasa gbgm-umc.org/.../lisutuagdeadfarmfield.jpg news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38455000/gif/_384.. Famine areas high- lighted in yellow Resistance to molecular crop enhancement

16. Molecular methods of crop improvement: why the resistance? Molecular methods of crop improvement: why the resistance? A cartoon about smallpox vaccination from 1802 by British satirist James Gillray www.nlm.nih.gov/.../smallpox/sp_vaccination.html

17. A GM food is no more likely to cause a problem than the same non-GM food What’s the bottom line? Are GM foods safe to eat?

18. A GM crop is no more likely to cause a problem than the same kind of non-GM crop What’s the bottom line? Are GM foods safe to grow?